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Read our reviews to senior dating site for most suitable over To obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer. In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript. Availability of multiple-stress tolerant maize is critical for improvement in maize production in West and Central Africa WCA. A study was carried out to i assess a set of inbred lines for combining ability under stressed and optimal conditions, ii determine the performance of the testcrosses under different conditions, and iii identify outstanding hybrids across the conditions.
Two hundred and five testcrosses were planted with five hybrid checks under Striga- infested, low soil nitrogen, drought and optimal conditions between and in Nigeria. The grain yield inheritance under optimal condition was largely regulated by additive gene effect whereas non-additive gene effects largely regulated grain yield under the three stresses. Four of the inbreds had significant positive general combining ability effects each under low N and drought, and three under Striga infestation for grain yield. The inbreds could be vital sources of beneficial alleles for development and improvement of tropical yellow maize hybrids and populations.
The new hybrids should be extensively assessed and released in the sub-region to improve food security. Nevertheless, the 1. Thus, there is a strong demand for maize varieties that are nitrogen-use efficient, drought tolerant with improved resistance to Striga infestation for enhanced maize productivity and production in SSA. Currently, farmers in Striga prone agro-ecological zones of SSA are not willing to accept maize hybrids that are without combined resistance to multiple stresses 11 , Development and deployment of maize hybrids with early maturity 90—95 days and tolerance to low N, Striga and drought is therefore very important for sustainable maize production in WCA.
Single-cross hybrids are produced from maize inbreds which are usually extracted from source populations, varieties or bi-parental crosses involving two inbred lines and possessing beneficial stress tolerance alleles after several generations of repeated self-pollination. Through this procedure, the stress tolerance alleles from source populations and bi-parental crosses are fixed in the newly developed inbred lines from the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture IITA.
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Thus, hybrids are normally higher yielding and more uniform than the open-pollinated varieties. Determining the combining ability CA of new inbred lines is beneficial to hybrid maize breeding programs particularly in most of the SSA countries where such programs are still in the infantile stage. In addition to identifying the good combining inbreds in hybrid production, the CA helps breeders to choose breeding strategy most effective for developing hybrids targeted to stress and optimal conditions.
Studies on CA of inbred lines under different conditions have been conducted by many workers in SSA 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , Similarly, research on the CA of maize inbreds and the gene effects modulating most agronomic traits of maize under Striga infestation, low N, optimal and drought conditions is also at the infantile stage and results obtained so far have often been contradictory.
For example, several independent studies 11 , 19 , 20 , 21 indicated that non-additive gene effects influenced grain yield inheritance under drought in contrast to the results of the studies by Amegbor et al. Similar distinct report has been made for maize in CA studies under low N. Under Striga infestation, Yallou et al. In contrast, additive genetic effect was found to be more important for Striga damage while non-additive gene effect regulated the number of emerged Striga plants 38 , 39 , The contradicting reports on the CA or gene effect controlling maize yield under Striga infestation, low N and drought in the diverse studies could be ascribed to the variations in the inbred lines used.
Hence, the need to assess the CA of new inbred lines that are extracted from different germplasm sources so that they could be effectively used for planning crosses to develop synthetic varieties and hybrids with good performance under distinct environmental conditions in WCA. The general aim of the study was to appraise newly developed yellow endosperm maize inbreds which have the ability to mature early under low soil N, drought, Striga -infested, optimal and across the four environmental conditions.
Specifically, the study was set up to i study the performance of early maturing hybrids across multiple-stress as well as optimal absence of Striga , low soil N and drought conditions and ii identify stable and high yielding hybrids across stress and optimal conditions. Hybrid x environment interaction mean squares were significant for all traits with the exception of stay-green characteristic in drought condition, number of ears per plant and plant aspect under low N, and under Striga infestation for number of emerged Striga plants at 10 WAP.
In the optimal and across the environmental conditions, significant variances of the interactions of SCA x E were obtained for grain yield and almost all the other traits. In contrast, the five inbred testers had no positive and significant GCA effects in the contrasting environmental conditions for grain yield except ENT 13 and TZEI under the optimal condition. The highest performing hybrid in terms of yield TZEI x ENT 13 under low N was not statistically different from the top seven high yielding and low N tolerant hybrids.
However, it obtained higher yield and low N tolerance compared to the five checks. Even though the yields were higher than the average yield, the yields were relatively low. One important concern of plant breeders and agronomists when conducting studies similar to those reported here is to ensure the effectiveness of the stress under investigation. One way to do that is to compare the performance under stress with that under non-stress conditions within otherwise similar environmental conditions.
The study showed that the stresses were quite effective.
The methodology used for imposing each stress, conclusions reached, and the stress tolerant hybrids selected in this study are, therefore, reliable and may be used as basis for further studies on the improvement of maize productivity for SSA. The best of the new hybrids evaluated in the study consistently out-yielded the best available hybrids used as checks for each and across environments.
The hybrids therefore have the potential to contribute to increased grain yield in Striga prone areas of WCA. These hybrids have the potential to contribute to increased maize productivity and improve food security in the sub-region. Statistically significant GCA estimate of additive gene action , SCA dominance gene action and their interactions with the environment additive x environment and dominance x environment gene action occurred in this study, but varied among the environmental conditions.
Under drought, days to anthesis, plant height, days to silking and ear height were inherited by additive rather than dominant gene action. However, the dominating effect of the grain yield, ear and plant aspects, EPP ASI, and the stay-green trait SCA sum of squares over that of GCA under drought showed that the inheritance of the traits was regulated by the non-additive gene effects and that SCA was the main constituent which caused the variations observed within the hybrids. These results contradicted the earlier reports of Badu-Apraku et al.
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Conversely, the result validated that of Souza et al. Under low N, the inheritance of days to silking, plant height, days to anthesis, root lodging, ear height and ear rot was largely attributable to additive gene effects while that of grain yield, ASI, stalk lodging, plant aspect, husk cover, ear aspect, EPP and the stay-green characteristic were largely modulated by non-additive gene effects.
These results are inconsistent with that of several other workers 11 , 16 , 29 , 30 , 32 , 36 , 44 , who revealed that additive genetic action largely influenced the inheritance of almost all the measured traits under low N environments. However, the result confirmed that of Badu-Apraku et al. This does not agree with the results of Badu-Apraku et al. Moreover, the result is in disagreement with Yallou et al.
On the contrary, the present results agreed with those of Kim 38 , Akanvou et al.
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The high GCA recorded over SCA sum of squares for all the traits with the exception of ear rot and EPP under optimal environments showed that additive genetic action principally influenced the inheritance of most of the traits than non-additive. The finding is in accordance with that of Katsantonis et al.
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The major effect of GCA over SCA sum of squares suggested that, testing of early generation progenies may be successful. It also implied that promising yellow endosperm maize hybrids can be selected principally based on the GCA effects as revealed by Baker However, Rizzi et al.
The differences in the findings of this study and that of some earlier researchers may be ascribed to the variations in the inbred lines used as well as the climatic and soil conditions. The positive and significant GCA effects recorded for some early yellow inbreds for the yield in low N, Striga -infested, optimal and drought conditions showed that those inbred lines would contribute improved yield in their offspring under the contrasting management conditions.
The five elite inbred testers were regarded as males and crossed to the 41 early maturing yellow endosperm maize inbred lines as females to develop testcross hybrids. The agronomic and management practices adopted for the experiments have been reported by Badu-Apraku et al.
Details on how the low soil N environment was achieved at Mokwa and Ile-Ife and the management practices observed have been described by Badu-Apraku The drought experiments conducted at Minjibir and Ikenne were as described by Badu-Apraku et al. However, due to the high temperature at Minjibir during the experiment period February—March the irrigation was resumed at two weeks after flowering to enable completion of grain filling. The soil on the Striga -infested field was injected with ethylene gas at two weeks before planting on the Striga fields.
This was done to induce any surviving Striga seeds to forcefully germinate and die subsequently. The Striga infestation was done based on the method of Kim Detailed description of the management of the Striga -infested fields has been provided by Badu-Apraku et al. Anthesis-silking interval ASI was calculated as the difference between DA and DS while the number of maize ears per plant was estimated as the number of harvested ears per plot divided by the number of available plants. Stay-green characteristic was recorded for the low N and drought experiments at 70 days after planting DAP as described by Annor and Badu-Apraku For experiments conducted under low N and drought environments, ears harvested from each plot were shelled, the grains were weighed, and samples taken to measure the percentage grain moisture.
Combined ANOVA was performed thereafter across the 17 test environments locations-management combinations. The least square means were estimated using SAS and separated using standard error S. The means generated from the ANOVA under the four management conditions and combined across all 17 environments were used for the line x tester analysis as reported by Comstock and Moll 53 and Singh and Chaudhary The specific combining ability SCA and general combining ability GCA effects as well as their standard errors were estimated for all traits under the different management conditions using SAS software version 9.
A selection index I for identifying and selecting the best performing hybrids under low N and drought conditions was estimated as proposed by Badu-Apraku et al.
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To identify hybrids with combined tolerance or susceptibility to all three stressed environments low N, Striga and drought , a multiple-trait selection index MI was estimated as explained by Badu-Apraku et al. The GGE biplot was used to identify the most promising hybrids with high and stable yield across stressed and optimal environments The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request.
Sserumaga, J. Molecular characterization of tropical maize inbred lines using microsatellite DNA markers. Maydica 59 , — Google Scholar. Mosisa, W. Start meeting singles in Ghana Kumasi today with our free online personals and free Ghana Kumasi chat! Ghana Kumasi is full of single men and nurses like you looking for sites, ladies, friendship, and fun. Sign up today to browse the FREE personal nurses for available Ashanti singles, and hook up online using our completely free Ghana Kumasi online dating service! Start dating in Ghana Kumasi app! Sign up in 30 seconds and meet someone.
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