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Seasonal BC concentration was highest in winter, followed by fall and spring, with summer showing the lowest concentration. Similar seasonal variation of BC concentrations can be found in other Chinese sites Chen et al. Monthly average BC concentrations and BC concentration trend blue curves from to The whiskers represent the standard deviation. Hourly average BC changes throughout the day for each season, with seasons defined in Fig.
The seasonality of BC concentrations is mainly affected by meteorological factors and anthropogenic activities. Precipitation was usually abundant during summer Fig. Additionally, anthropogenic BC emission from fossil fuel over China was lower in summer while higher in winter Zhuang et al.
High BC concentrations in fall might be due to the increased biomass burning such as burning of leftover crop residues Huang et al. For spring, diffusion conditions were limited compared to those in summer, and could thus result in higher BC concentration than summer. The average diel BC mass concentrations measured in four seasons are shown in Fig. In all seasons, a bimodal distribution of BC concentration was marked with a morning peak at — and an evening peak at — Meanwhile, the lowest BC concentration occurred between — for all seasons.
This diel profile for BC is similar to those observed at different locations Sahu et al. The morning peak results from morning rush hour traffic, suggesting an important role of vehicle emissions. In addition, atmospheric inversion in the morning can also lead to the high BC concentration.
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After sunrise, the increase in solar radiation promotes the development of daytime mixing layer, which facilitates the dispersion and dilution of pollutants, subsequently lowering BC concentration from morning hours. The BC evening peak could be attributed to afternoon traffic emissions and cooking, combined with low mixing heights. After midnight, due to the reduction of human activities and vehicle emissions, BC concentration decreased slightly, but remained at high levels.
The BC concentrations at nighttime — maintained at 2. This may be attributed to the formation of a nocturnal boundary layer and stagnant air flow which favor the accumulation of pollutants. The morning peak of BC concentration in winter appeared at , which was 1—2 hours later than other seasons.
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It could be associated with the inversion layer and the human activity regularity. During winter morning, the inversion phenomenon occurs more frequently and longer in mountain area Wang et al.
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Meanwhile, human activities were later than other seasons, leading to a delay in BC emission. In addition, the highest ratio between maximum and minimum of diel BC concentrations was found in summer 1. PBL height, precipitation and wind speed are three important meteorological parameters affecting BC concentration. Monthly average BC mass concentration together with meteorological parameters in Wanzhou are plotted in Fig.
The PBL height determines the volume through which surface-emitted pollutants can be diluted and reflects boundary layer turbulence Stull, It presented a strong seasonal variation in Wanzhou. The highest seasonal PBL height was observed in summer m , which was 1. As mentioned in Section 3.
However, the PBL height was almost the same in winter and fall. This result implies that PBL height was not the main reason for the higher BC concentration in winter. Precipitation is an important mechanism of washing out particles as well as BC. This distinct feature may be due to the more frequent precipitation in southwest of China compared to the northwest Dai et al. Among the meteorological parameters, wind speed is an important factor determining BC concentration Chen et al. The wind speed is relatively low, with monthly averaged values generally ranged from 0. This result is similar to the findings of many previous studies Bhat et al.
The hourly wind speeds and corresponding BC concentrations are plotted in Fig. Wind speed between 0.
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When wind speed reached 1. A clear inverse relationship between BC concentration and wind speed was found for wind speed lower than 2. However, when the wind speed was higher than 2. Similar relationship between BC and wind speed have also been reported for other urban locations globally, such as Helsinki, Finland Pakkanen et al. BC concentration intervals grouped by wind speed.
The contribution of hourly BC from different wind directions is illustrated by wind rose plots in Fig. The prevailing winds in Wanzhou were mainly from eastern and southeastern directions in different seasons. The main road, Shalong Road, is located to the east of the sampling site, so it can be speculated that the higher BC concentration from this direction may be affected by traffic emissions. Since the local industrial area lies in southeastern Wanzhou, relatively high BC concentration from this direction was likely due to the influence from industrial emissions.
Patches of farmlands lie to the west of the sampling site; higher BC concentration from these directions could be attributed to the burning of crop residues on these farmlands.
Hourly BC concentrations with wind direction during four seasons. The scales display the percentage frequencies of wind directions. The conditional probability function CPF was used to identify the likely locations of local emission sources affecting concentrations of BC in sampling site. The emission sources are likely located in the directions that have high conditional probability values.
There was a clear indication of higher probability for these concentrations from the southeast, i. Additionally, there was high probability to the west, corresponding to the direction where some farmlands lie.
Combining Fig. In this study, BC was measured in Wanzhou metropolitan area from June till February in order to investigate its temporal variability and potential sources. Although these values qualify as moderate in China, BC contamination is nevertheless an issue when considering the size, population, and economy of Wanzhou.
The seasonality of the BC—specifically, the occurrence of the minimum and maximum concentrations during summer and winter, respectively—can be attributed to changes in the emission sources and variability in the ambient meteorological conditions, especially the low precipitation and shallow PBL height during winter. The concentrations peaked during the morning between and and again during the evening between and , likely as a result of anthropogenic activities, including traffic, and dropped to their lowest daily values between and , which can be ascribed to the development of the PBL.
Furthermore, winds blowing from the east and southeast, the most frequent directions, were accompanied by higher concentrations during all of the seasons, and CPF analysis indicated a high probability of sources to the southeast, where industry is located, and to the west, where farmlands lie.
Aerosol black carbon at an urban site-Srinagar, Northwestern Himalaya, India: Seasonality, sources, meteorology and radiative forcing. Historical emissions of black and organic carbon aerosol from energy-related combustion, — Global Biogeochem. Cycles GB Black carbon relationships with emissions and meteorology in Xi'an, China.
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Business Networking. Share this event. HomeLifestyle Networking. Save This Event Log in or sign up for Eventbrite to save events you're interested in. Nearly every major plant found in the tropical and temperate zones of the northern hemisphere can be found there. In all, more than 7, species of woody plants have been recorded, of which there are 2, timber trees and over species of gymnosperms.
The rare gingko tree, cathaya tree, and metasequoia, long extinct elsewhere, can still be found growing in China. Among flowering plants, of the known varieties of azalea occur in China, while of the known varieties of primrose and about of the known varieties of gentian are also found there.
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The tree peony, which originated in Shandong Province, appears in varieties. The richest and most extensive needle-leaf forests occur in the Greater Hinggan Ling Khingan Mountains of the northeast, where stands of larch, Asian white birch, and Scotch pine flourish, and in the Lesser Hinggan Ling Khingan Mountains, with stands of Korean pine and Dahurian larch.
In the Sichuan Szechuan Basin, vegetation changes with altitude to embrace a variety of conifers at high levels, deciduous trees and cypresses at middle elevations, and bamboo in lower elevations. Farther south, in subtropical Fujian and Zhejiang provinces, broadleaf evergreen forests predominate. Forests give way to natural grasslands and scrub in drier western and northwestern areas, especially in the semiarid regions of Shanxi and Shaanxi, in the steppes of Inner Mongolia, and along the desert margins of the Tarim and Junggar basins.
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China's most celebrated wild animal is the giant panda, a rare mammal now found in the wild only in remote areas of Sichuan, Gansu, and Shanxi provinces; as of , just over wild pandas were still in their natural state. Other fauna unique to China include the golden-haired monkey, found in remote parts of Shaanxi, Gansu, Sichuan, Guizhou, and Yunnan; the northeast China tiger, found in the Lesser Hinggan Ling and Changbai mountains along the Korean border; the Chinese river dolphin and Chinese alligator, both found along the middle and lower Yangtze River; the rare David's deer and the white-lipped deer, the latter found mainly in Qinghai Province and Tibet; a rare kind of white bear found in Hubei Province; and the lancelet, an ancient species of fish representing a transitional stage between invertebrate and vertebrate development, now found only in Fujian Province.
In addition, more than 1, species of birds have been recorded.