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All members of the criminal's tithing would be responsible for paying the fine. A group of ten tithings was known as a "hundred" and every hundred was overseen by an official known as a reeve. Hundreds ensured that if a criminal escaped to a neighboring village, he could be captured and returned to his village. If a criminal was not apprehended, then the entire hundred could be fined.

The hundreds were governed by administrative divisions known as shires , the rough equivalent of a modern county , which were overseen by an official known as a shire-reeve, from which the term Sheriff evolved. The shire-reeve had the power of posse comitatus , meaning he could gather the men of his shire to pursue a criminal. By the end of the 13th century, the office of constable developed. Constables had the same responsibilities as chief tithingmen and additionally as royal officers.

The constable was elected by his parish every year. Eventually, constables became the first 'police' official to be tax-supported. In urban areas, watchmen were tasked with keeping order and enforcing nighttime curfew.

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Watchmen guarded the town gates at night, patrolled the streets, arrested those on the streets at night without good reason, and also acted as firefighters. Eventually the office of justice of the peace was established, with a justice of the peace overseeing constables. The Assize of Arms of , which required the appointment of constables to summon men to arms, quell breaches of the peace , and to deliver offenders to the sheriff or reeve, is cited as one of the earliest antecedents of the English police.

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From about , private watchmen were funded by private individuals and organisations to carry out police functions. Thief-takers were also rewarded for catching thieves and returning the stolen property. The earliest English use of the word "police" seems to have been the term "Polles" mentioned in the book "The Second Part of the Institutes of the Lawes of England" published in The first centrally organised and uniformed police force was created by the government of King Louis XIV in to police the city of Paris , then the largest city in Europe.

This office was first held by Gabriel Nicolas de la Reynie , who had 44 commissaires de police police commissioners under his authority.

In , these commissioners were assisted by inspecteurs de police police inspectors. The city of Paris was divided into 16 districts policed by the commissaires , each assigned to a particular district and assisted by a growing bureaucracy. The scheme of the Paris police force was extended to the rest of France by a royal edict of October , resulting in the creation of lieutenants general of police in all large French cities and towns.

On March 12, , a government decree created the first uniformed police in France , known as sergents de ville "city sergeants" , which the Paris Prefecture of Police's website claims were the first uniformed policemen in the world. In , George II began paying some London and Middlesex watchmen with tax monies, beginning the shift to government control.

In Henry Fielding began organizing a force of quasi-professional constables known as the Bow Street Runners. The Macdaniel affair added further impetus for a publicly salaried police force that did not depend on rewards. Nonetheless, In , there were privately financed police units in no fewer than 45 parishes within a mile radius of London. The word "police" was borrowed from French into the English language in the 18th century, but for a long time it applied only to French and continental European police forces.

The word, and the concept of police itself, were "disliked as a symbol of foreign oppression" according to Britannica Before the 19th century, the first use of the word "police" recorded in government documents in the United Kingdom was the appointment of Commissioners of Police for Scotland in and the creation of the Marine Police in Following early police forces established in and in Glasgow , Scotland , the Glasgow authorities successfully petitioned the government to pass the Glasgow Police Act establishing the City of Glasgow Police in The Act established a force in each barony with chief constables and inspectors general under the control of the civil administration at Dublin Castle.

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By this force numbered over 8, men. In building the case for the police in the face of England's firm anti-police sentiment, Colquhoun framed the political rationale on economic indicators to show that a police dedicated to crime prevention was "perfectly congenial to the principle of the British constitution".

Moreover, he went so far as to praise the French system, which had reached "the greatest degree of perfection" in his estimation. Word of this success spread quickly, and the government passed the Marine Police Bill on 28 July , transforming it from a private to public police agency; now the oldest police force in the world.

It found receptive audiences far outside London, and inspired similar forces in other cities, notably, New York City , Dublin , and Sydney. Colquhoun's utilitarian approach to the problem — using a cost-benefit argument to obtain support from businesses standing to benefit — allowed him to achieve what Henry and John Fielding failed for their Bow Street detectives.

Unlike the stipendiary system at Bow Street, the river police were full-time, salaried officers prohibited from taking private fees. London was fast reaching a size unprecedented in world history, due to the onset of the Industrial Revolution.

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A parliamentary committee was appointed to investigate the system of policing in London. Upon Sir Robert Peel being appointed as Home Secretary in , he established a second and more effective committee, and acted upon its findings. Due to public fears concerning the deployment of the military in domestic matters, Peel organised the force along civilian lines, rather than paramilitary. To appear neutral, the uniform was deliberately manufactured in blue, rather than red which was then a military colour, along with the officers being armed only with a wooden truncheon and a rattle to signal the need for assistance.

Along with this, police ranks did not include military titles, with the exception of Sergeant. To distance the new police force from the initial public view of it as a new tool of government repression, Peel publicised the so-called Peelian principles , which set down basic guidelines for ethical policing: [49] [50].

The Metropolitan Police Act created a modern police force by limiting the purview of the force and its powers, and envisioning it as merely an organ of the judicial system. Their job was apolitical; to maintain the peace and apprehend criminals for the courts to process according to the law.

In , the Metropolitan Police were issued with the distinctive custodian helmet , and in they switched to the use of whistles that could be heard from much further away.

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In Australia , the first police force having centralised command as well as jurisdiction over an entire colony was the South Australia Police , formed in under Henry Inman. However, whilst the New South Wales Police Force was established in , it was made up from a large number of policing and military units operating within the then Colony of New South Wales and traces its links back to the Royal Marines. The passing of the Police Regulation Act of essentially tightly regulated and centralised all of the police forces operating throughout the Colony of New South Wales.

The New South Wales Police Force remains the largest police force in Australia in terms of personnel and physical resources.

It is also the only police force that requires its recruits to undertake university studies at the recruit level and has the recruit pay for their own education. In , the first police investigator of Rio de Janeiro was recruited. By the 17th century, most captaincies already had local units with law enforcement functions. On July 9, a Cavalry Regiment was created in the state of Minas Gerais for maintaining law and order.

In , the Portuguese royal family relocated to Brazil, because of the French invasion of Portugal. In , after independence, each province started organizing its local " military police ", with order maintenance tasks. The establishment of modern policing services in the Canadas occurred during the s, modelling their services after the London Metropolitan Police, and adopting the ideas of the Peelian principles. A national police service, the Dominion Police , was founded in Initially the Dominion Police provided security for parliament, but its responsibilities quickly grew.

The RCMP provides federal law enforcement; and law enforcement in eight provinces, and all three territories. The aforementioned services also provides municipal policing, although larger Canadian municipalities may establish form their own police service. In Lebanon , modern police were established in , with creation of the Gendarmerie. In British North America , policing was initially provided by local elected officials.

In the colonial period, policing was provided by elected sheriffs and local militias. In the s, the Province of Carolina later North- and South Carolina established slave patrols in order to prevent slave rebellions and enslaved people from escaping. In the United States Marshals Service was established, followed by other federal services such as the U.

Parks Police [62] and U. Mint Police Secret Service was founded in and was for some time the main investigative body for the federal government. In the American Old West , law enforcement was carried out by local sheriffs, rangers, constables, and federal marshals. There were also town marshals responsible for serving civil and criminal warrants, maintaining the jails, and carrying out arrests for petty crime. In recent years, in addition to federal, state, and local forces, some special districts have been formed to provide extra police protection in designated areas.

These districts may be known as neighborhood improvement districts, crime prevention districts, or security districts. However, this may be a mistranslation of Foucault's own work since the actual source of Magdalene Humpert states over 14, items were produced from the 16th century dates ranging from to As conceptualized by the Polizeiwissenschaft , according to Foucault the police had an administrative, economic and social duty "procuring abundance". Thus, its functions largely overreached simple law enforcement activities and included public health concerns, urban planning which was important because of the miasma theory of disease ; thus, cemeteries were moved out of town, etc.

The concept of preventive policing, or policing to deter crime from taking place, gained influence in the late 18th century. Bentham espoused the guiding principle of "the greatest good for the greatest number:. It is better to prevent crimes than to punish them.

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