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Although there are now large urban areas at both ends of the peninsula, it was historically one of the more-isolated parts of Mexico.
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The original, scattered indigenous population was decimated by diseases introduced by Christian missionaries in the late 18th century. After the paved Transpeninsular Highway opened up the length of the peninsula in the s, tourism began to thrive, especially at Cabo San Lucas and other sites in the far south. It was the centre of the Aztec empire as well as numerous other indigenous civilizations before becoming the core of New Spain and the capital of modern Mexico. Even now there are sharp contrasts between modern urban Mexico and traditional rural indigenous lifestyles in the region.
The West is centred on the city of Guadalajara and encompasses the state of Jalisco along with portions of Colima , Nayarit , Aguascalientes , Zacatecas , and Guanajuato states. Many of the things often thought of as distinctively Mexican—such as tequila , mariachi music, and the ornate embroidered sombrero and costume of the charro gentleman rancher —originated in the West. The Balsas cultural region, which closely corresponds to the physiographic area of the same name, extends through northern Guerrero state.
It is arid, hot, and sparsely settled. Cattle ranching has been the mainstay of the economy, although subsistence-level slash-and-burn agriculture is widely practiced by impoverished peasant farmers. The Gulf Coast region includes the coastal zones of Veracruz and Tabasco states as well as the adjacent east-facing slopes of the Sierra Madre Oriental. The population of the coastal area is overwhelmingly mestizo, but indigenous groups are found in the mountains north of Veracruz.
Mexican oil production centres on a series of huge inland and offshore fields in the region, near Villahermosa and other parts of the southern Bay of Campeche. Cattle ranching and commercial agriculture are also important components of the economy. The southern parts of the region were swampy and nearly devoid of settlement until the Papaloapan and Grijalva-Usumacinta river projects allowed commercial exploitation of the rich alluvial soils.
This poverty-stricken region has the highest concentration of indigenous peoples in the country, although mestizos dominate the southern half of Chiapas. Such groups as the Zapotec and Mixtec farm minifundia small plots of land in the highlands using traditional methods.
When viewed from the air, the landscape resembles a patchwork quilt, but its picturesque image belies widespread poverty. In marked contrast are the vibrant and modern coastal tourist centres, such as Acapulco and the more recently developed Puerto Escondido, as well as inland cities such as Oaxaca. The Gulf of Mexico, if we have a navy that can do any defensive work, can be easily protected, as the only two outlets to it from the ocean are at the Florida straits and between Yucatan and Cuba.
Another immense advantage to the whole Pacific Coast by the construction of the ship railway will be the impetus it will give to immigration from European countries. We need, especially for the increased cultivation of our soil that the ship railway will bring about, these hardy agricultural immigrants, who now do not reach us on account of the great expense of transportation over the transcontinental railroads.
With our country filled up with these industrial people, who so easily will become a part of our body politic, we can then relegate to their own country the unassimilating Chinese population that have infested our Coast. Now that the Congress of the United States has refused to ratify the Nicaragua canal treaty, and there are such grave doubts in regard to the completion of the Panama canal, we must rely upon the Tehuantepec Ship Railway as the final solution of this great problem of transportation so directly and essentially effecting our prosperity.
Eads went to Washington in January , although in very poor health, to secure the passage of the act, confidently believing that it would insure the raising of the capital, in the United States and England, necessary to build the railway. He was not able to remain in Washington, and, by the advice of his physician and friends, sailed for Nassau, Bahamas, where he died in after a short illness.
In Elmer Lawrence Corthell devoted nearly his entire time to it, studying and writing on its engineering and commercial features, delivering addresses on the subject before numerous learned bodies, and publishing pamphlets which were circulated in every country. The Colonel is President of the Tehuantepec Ship Railway Company at the present time, and is endeavoring to raise money in Europe to build the road on the plans made by Eads. He said to me that while nothing in the way of interoceanic communication is now talked about in this country, except the Nicaragua Canal, the railway project was very much alive.
Especially at the Isthmus of Panama the maintenance cost would be very great. What with storms and floods and tidal waves and earthquakes a canal there would be shut up half the time. Where the canal skirts along rock mountains a single little earthquake shock might roll down stone to block it up inside of a minute.
Then, too, it is exceedingly dangerous to run iron vessels through a canal with rock sides and bottom. There is no knowing at what moment the ship may drift upon rock, and something must then give way. Iron ships cannot be steered in a narrow channel. They steer themselves and swing about so slowly and ponderously that in such a rock channel they would be In constant danger.
The Suez Canal is a sandy bottom through white sand, as white as Italian marble. The largest pebbles are no bigger than my thumbnail. The sides are also of sand. Through such a country a canal is entirely feasible, as the Suez Canal bas been demonstrated to be. But at Panama it is altogether different.
The direction of the great volcanic cones, which rise in an irregular line above it, is not identical with the main axis of the Sierra itself, except near the Mexican frontier, but has a more southerly trend, especially towards Salvador; here the base of many of the igneous peaks rests among the southern foothills of the range. According to a Center for Disease Control survey done by its National Center for Health Statistics, nearly 40 percent of Mexican-American kiddies ages six to eleven are overweight, and Diversity and use of ethno-medicinal plants in the region of Swat, North Pakistan. The Mexican leader ''did not flinch,'' the official said. The most familiar species is P. Later friendly relations between the United States and Great Britain, where, among the upper classes, there was a strong sentiment in favour of the Confederacy, were seriously threatened by the fitting out of Confederate privateers in British ports, and the Administration owed much to the skilful diplomacy of the American minister in London, Charles Francis Adams. High Streets battle for survival: Next warns that a fresh two-week lockdown across the country could cost it
Mexico has not yet given up her hope of competing with Nicaragua and Colombia to furnish the ship route of the future between the Atlantic and the Pacific. The disadvantage In breadth under which the Isthmus of Tehuantepec labors is very great, when it comes to a question of cutting a canal; but Mexico's project is tto substitute the device of a ship railway.
If vessels can be safely raised out of the water, placed on a cradle, run by locomotive engines along a track, and then lowered again into the sea, a few miles more of track is a matter of minor consequence. The revived project has been taken up by Messrs.
Of course, with the Nicaragua project so well advanced, an attempt to compete for Interoceanic traffic by a ship railway at Tehuantepec is more heavily handicapped now than it was ten years ago, when Mr. Eads was at the head of the enterprise. But as an offset it would hardly fear a rival in the Panama project, which was then going on busily, with a large supply of funds. Admiral Ammen, who, to be sure, could not be considered an unprejudiced authority, being at the head of a rival enterprise, considered it a fatal objection to the project of Mr. Eads that the height of the lowest mountain pass was feet and the grade, at the maximum, feet per mile.
On the other side, it was urged that, by a few turns, the heavy grades, deep cuts, and costly fillings mentioned by Admiral Ammen would be avoided; but the latter says that this could only be done by an enormous turntable, of vast cost, on account of its foundations. It is also asserted that since curves cannot be used as on an ordinary railroad, several such turn-tables would be required.
However, in order to obtain any true idea of the practicability of a Tehuantepec railway, it will be necessary first to have the route carefully laid out, and then it will be, seen what peaks are to be avoided and what grades to be overcome. The start would perhaps be, as in the Eads scheme, from the head of navigation on the Coatzacoalcos, with a terminus on the Pacific in the region of Salina Cruz or La Ventosa.
The Mexican government entered into contracts with a prominent Mexican contractor for the work. In this contract was rescinded, after 67 miles of road had been completed. In 37 miles remained to be built. A fourth contract resulted in the completion of the line from coast to coast in , when it was found that the terminal ports were deficient in facilities and the road too light for heavy traffic. The government then entered into a contract with the London contractors of S.
The work was done for account of the Mexican government. Work began on 16 December , and was finished to a point where its formal opening for traffic was possible in January The railway was miles long, with a branch of 18 miles between Juile and San Juan Evangelista. The minimum depth at low water in both ports is 33 ft.
Lloyds Register of Shipping gives the entire fleet of the world as 28, steamers and sailing vessels, with a total tonnage of 27,,, of which 39 perent are British. Ship Captains. The Naval Order of the United States has a history dating from Membership includes a wide range of individuals, many with highly distinguished career paths. Acclaimed historian Buddy Levy records the last days of the Aztec empire and the two men at the center of an epic clash of cultures perhaps unequaled to this day. Inter-Oceanic Ship Railway. Address of James B. Eads delivered before the San Francisco Chamber of Commerce.
August 11, The New route of Commerce by the Isthmus of Tehuantepec.
November 15, Eads Louis How. Central America History. Matthew Parker.
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