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The writers describe preservation works that were recently carried out by a group of students and researchers to the Grotto of the Annunciation, one of the most revered holy sites in Nazareth. The article takes a close-up look at the technologies that were employed and the results obtained.

It is my sincere hope that this volume will be just one in a series of books to be published on Nazareth, following further successful academic conferences, and that this unique project will enable us to rediscover the history and cultural heritage of this city, for the benefit of researchers, students and the people of Nazareth.

Hopefiully, all these studies will help to establish. Potsherds found on the surface of the terraces dated from various periods, beginning with the Early Roman Period. The archaeological survey of the surface of the land adjacent to Nazareth Hospital was conducted in February , under the direction of Ross Voss with myself, R. The summary of the results of the survey of the three distinct areas, A, B and C, is set forth in the following. Area A: A dry farm On the western and southern slopes of the hill below the hospital, the terracing was built upon the bedrock. Although most of the stone terrace facings were either concealed or missing, the eroded hillside still retained a stepped appearance.

The poor state of preservation of these terraces does not indicate that they were carelessly constructed, however, as the following factors 1 This article is dedicated to the memory of Mark Goodman, who served as the archaeological reconstructionist of Nazareth Village from , and who died suddenly at a young age at Gordion, Turkey. His careful, insightful work will be missed. Some of his notes have been used in the sections of the article discussing terraces and building reconstruction.

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Foreground: The Nazareth Village site during excavations, spring The dunam hillside site is situated approximately meters from the excavations of ancient Nazareth, which lie beneath the Latin Church of the Annunciation. The terrace walls which were at least partially preserved were built of oval limestone fragments the size of an American football and smaller.

The rough surface of each stone would suggest that these were not brought in from surrounding wadis, rocks from which would have been smooth-surfaced. The stones are likely to have been quarried and shaped from the local limestone using impact devices, perhaps hammers and hatchets. The uniform spacing between the stones allowed for the proper aeration and drainage of the soil, but terrace walls like these tend to need more maintenance than those made of cut and.

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This evidence would indicate a non-irrigated dry farm, which would have relied on watering from rain and dewfall, supplemented by hand watering with rain run-off. The rainwater would have been channeled into the small pools and perhaps cisterns that have been identified among the terraces. The overall depth of the soil over much of this area is relatively shallow, suggesting that vines were the primary crop cultivated on the terraces.

However, certain terraces were deep enough to cultivate olive trees on, and, in fact, many olive trees still grow on these terraced slopes today. Crops produced by the dry farms in the area would typically have been olives, grapes, figs, almonds, wheat and barley. Observable structures on the site include a winepress, the base of a watchtower, pools with channels, agricultural terraces and a stone quarry, in addition to a column drum-type crushing stone. Area B: An irrigated farm To the southwest, and continuing across the full length of the slope facing the first area —interrupted in part by recently.

The terrace walls are formed from semi-dressed stones, carefully fitted together and reinforced with chink stones. The walls are reveted, leaning slightly backwards into the soil of the terrace. This more durable type of construction allows the terrace to bear the heavier burden of water-laden soil for crops, such as legumes and leafy vegetables, which require irrigation from springs or pools.

Most of these beautifully preserved terraces are also deep enough to allow the cultivation of larger trees, such as the carob trees that presently grow on these slopes, though these are likely to be a more recent crop. At two places water channels could be discerned in connection with a platform, which was conjectured to be a spring house. One channel was connected to a cistern and the other descended to the more well-built terraces below.

The walls of three separate terraces are surmounted by the ruins of three watchtowers.

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One terrace was built of well-crafted stones with monumental characteristics. Also found in this area were aqueducts, a threshing floor, a tomb, and what may have been the foundation of a farmhouse, as well as a column drum-type crushing stone. Area C: Another part of the dry farm Above and to the west of Area B lay a series of dry-farm terraces which originally ascended to the crest of the hill.

Existing modern homes, plus the recent construction of a road and the current construction of apartments, have either covered or obliterated most of the terraces associated with this area. Three of the surviving terraces were investigated, and they imparted the long history of the terrace farm at Nazareth Village. They yielded pottery from the 1st to the 3rd centuries and from the 11th and 12th centuries CE. Local residents remember beans, lentils and carobs.

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The satellite mapping survey The archaeological survey of the above features was followed by a satellite mapping survey that was conducted in April by Moti Heiman of the IAA, in collaboration with Ross Voss. Not all of the terraces in Areas A and B were plotted because of the heavy vegetation. The need for a salvage operation became clear to the IAA, an excavation.

In the late winter of , citizens of Nazareth, both Christians and Muslims, turned out to help clear the land of vegetation and garbage to prepare for the first season of excavations. These excavations confirmed the land to be a complete Roman-Period terrace farm with a winepress, watchtowers, olive-crushing stones, irrigation systems, and an ancient quarry, and have illuminated previously unknown aspects of terrace farming in the Galilee. The character. Most of the extent of the original farm has been preserved. This farm remains the most important — and perhaps the only — witness to the lives and livelihood of the ancient Nazarenes.

Since , the Center for the Study of Early Christianity CSEC had endeavored to lay the academic foundation for the construction of a 1st -century Galilean village or town based on archaeology and early Christian and Jewish sources. In light of the archaeological profile of the site, Dr. Nazareth Village is the only enterprise of its kind dedicated to illuminating the life of Jesus through an authentically reconstructed 1st -century town and a restored ancient farm. The University of the Holy Land, through its subsidiary the Center for the Study of Early Christianity, was the registered scientific institution that was licensed by the IAA to carry out the excavation and to process and publish the results.

These were published in the final report. General principles of reconstruction3 As the academic consultant for the project, the CSEC was contracted to provide the foundational research necessary to recreate a picture of Galilean town life in the 1st century CE. Much of the groundwork for the project was carried out under my direction. My staff and I surveyed a wide variety of literary sources, archaeological sites and ethnographic sources concerning life in the 1st -century Galilee.

Although the subsurface remains of the Roman-period town of Nazareth are among the most complex and best preserved in the region, the task of reconstructing the surface architecture 3. The following paragraphs on the reconstruction of the terrace farm and the village are based on the unpublished research reports see below and the notes of the late Mark Goodman, archaeological reconstructionist.

Thus it was necessary to apply information from other sites in the Galilee, such as nearby Sepphoris. Perhaps even more relevant to the study of 1st -century urban architecture in the north of the Holy Land were Jotapata and Gamla, which were destroyed during the First Jewish Revolt against Rome and never reoccupied, leaving only remains from the 1st century or earlier. Our reconstruction model is based on the scholarly consensus that Nazareth, established in the 1st century BCE, was essentially an agricultural wine and oil village of approximately , inhabitants in the time of Jesus.

This conception of 1st -century Nazareth formed a basis upon which to devise a four-step rating system, which was used to identify the most relevant archaeological sites and provided guidelines for evaluating the information gained. The rating system took into account criteria such as historical period, geographical and regional proximity to Nazareth, size and economic base.

These criteria are complex and include additional variables such as the nature, extent, and integrity of the archaeological remains. The rubrics by which the ratings are determined are:. Literature: Distinct references from a 1st -century primary source dealing with Jews, Judaism and Palestine which do not conflict with other literature from the same time period. Models: Any universal element consistent in all villages and all time periods. Literature: Any conflicting information from primary sources from the 1st -century CE which can be supported by literature dating from the 2nd century BCE to the 2nd century CE, including Tannaitic literature.

Models: Villages from the pre-Industrial Revolution Levant. Models: Villages from the pre-Industrial Revolution Mediterranean world. Models: Villages from the modern Mediterranean world.

Literature: Literary references written after the 5th century CE. Models: Any village from the modern world. Still, these criteria provided a basis for discussion between the UHL staff and project specialists Ross Voss archaeologist , Mark Goodman archaeological reconstructionist , and Riyad Haddad architect. In , the team commenced field surveys, investigating relevant archaeological sites in the Galilee and beyond.

More than twenty sites were surveyed, including several current excavations, allofwhichrepresentagrowingbodyofevidenceregardingJewish agricultural settlements of the Early Roman Period the 1st century BCE to the 2nd century CE. Much information regarding spatial arrangements, installations, and ancient building techniques has been put to the test of actual construction. How did 1st -century Galilean villages vary, and, most importantly, what fundamental patterns could be recognized?

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What was the spatial evolution of such a village, and how would this reflect the local topography and access to roads and fields? How were water resources used? Water storage and distribution 4. The core research team comprised Stephen J. Pieper, Edwin Rattai and S. Whetstone, associate researchers [prefer to use their full names].

Pfann, et al. These research reports were sent to scholars in each field of study for their comments, including E. Netzer, A. Killebrew, S. Fine Domestic Structures ; I. Levine, E. Myers, J. Strange Synagogue , R. Frankel Wine and Oil Presses. What were the main installations for agricultural production, storage, drainage, communal and ceremonial spaces, security of people and animals , and tombs?

What was the exterior and interior spatial distribution of each building? What were the general plans, dimensions, and construction techniques for each type of building encompassing substructures, walls, openings and roofs? What were the construction materials and techniques stone, mortar, mud brick, plaster, wood, straw, etc. What were the interior arrangements and use of space for sleeping, cooking, storage, furnishings, heating, lighting, security, sanitation, etc.

Farm reconstruction After the archaeologists had finished determining the extent, structure and dates of each terrace and access road, the next task was to restore these elements to their original form, based on the archaeological remains and the research outlined above. During the restoration, the actual archaeological remains were carefully defined and preserved.

The terraces The retaining walls were restored, first with stones from the collapsed material derived from the original walls. Secondly, stones of similar character were imported from surrounding areas. To the extent that terrace walls were preserved in situ, they were left in place and incorporated into the reconstructed terrace.

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The revetment walls were rebuilt, and care was taken to distinguish the original stones from those of the reconstruction by inserting broken pieces of modern tiles between the two phases. Where no original stones were preserved in situ, the line of the wall could often be determined by a cut groove or foundation trench in the rock surface. Otherwise, the line of the terrace wall was created according to observable features in the surrounding terraces.

The existing soil layers of each terrace were left in place with the exception of the exploratory trenches cut by the archaeologists , and soils of similar character were imported from surrounding regions to restore them to their original dimensions. The houses House planning in 1st -century Galilee began with digging out and exposing the bedrock.

Abandoned quarries such as these were favorite locations of builders, who exploited deep squared pits in the bedrock to build rooms, with raised foundations for the walls. Lacking power tools, the ancients knew how to use the natural dips and folds in the bedrock, converting them into caves, silos, cisterns and other installations.

In some instances, the site itself might have been quarried for building material, with soil and chalk collected for mortar, and the bedrock quarried for stone.

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