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They had two canoes full of dried shrimp as merchandise and went to the Magdalena River to trade with this commodity, salt and other things. Barranquilla is honored as the origination of the aviation and airport. Nevertheless, the home location of the Kamash indios hispanized to Camacho or Camach is known as the first permanent human settlement of Barranquilla. During the 16th century, an encomienda of captain Domingo de Santa Cruz was established, granted by the Spanish crown for his notable military performance.
She became the victim of a disregardful violent act by the second encomendero of Galapa , don Pedro de Barros I, when he arbitrarily grabbed all the Camacho population that could offer labour and took them to his encomienda. The farm was established on the banks of the river channel. The original property area was Pedro Vasquez Buezo expanded the property to On this estate, Barros allowed his workers to build their homes and support their families, which helped further develop his field operations.
After the death of Barros, the estate began to accommodate others, such as people who for reasons of health, age or cronyism with the hacienda owner were allowed to stay. There were also Indians from Malambo and Galapa. By , the ranch was considered a village, known as Barrancas de San Nicolas. Before , Barranquilla was occupied by Aguerra of Tierradentro and in , the township was expanded by the same group, adding a Judge Counsel.
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The origin of Barranquilla, promoted in the second half of the 19th century by the historian Domingo Malabet, was not supported by oral tradition nor scientifically validated. The work of B. In the era of the Colombian War of Independence , Barranquilla distinguished itself as a supporter of the pro-independence forces. The population of the town was attacked and taken prisoner by the royalist troops, which also defeated Vallejo's pro-independence battalion. In the following 5—6 years, Barranquilla was a center for republican military operations.
At that time, Cartagena was capital of the Sovereign State of Bolivar , to which Barranquilla belonged. On July 24, , the naval Battle of Lake Maracaibo took place, which resulted in the final expulsion of Spanish royalist forces from Gran Colombia. The geographic area of Barranquilla did not include mineral or natural riches, and thus did not serve as a location where the Spanish maintained a permanent presence.
The route was opened on November 10, The second was led by General Ignacio Luque, who had crushed the first revolution. In , merchants and commercial carriers of Barranquilla tried to form an independent province, Cibeles , which was to comprise the cantons of Barlovento. The primary objective was to rehabilitate the town of Sabanilla as an independent port, as exports were controlled by the cities of Cartagena and Santa Marta.
This rebellion was quickly crushed by Cartagenan troops. A customs house was built there, the Castillo de Salgar, to accommodate the new traffic. It had originated in Cartagena, which in turn had received it from shipments coming from Panama.
On March 20, , a law was passed by the Congress of New Granada that separated the province of Cartagena from the cantons of Barranquilla, Soledad, and Sabanalarga, which became part of the province of Sabanilla, with Barranquilla as the capital. Subsequently, the city would be recovered by the Liberal leader Manuel Cabeza on December 9. It linked Barranquilla and Sabanilla Salgar , the latter being the location of the customs house. Due to the shallowness of the waters, it was necessary to extend the railway to Puerto Cupino , where the Cuban engineer Francisco Javier Cisneros built what was then one of the longest piers in the world, second only to the one in Southend-on-Sea , England.
In , an epidemic with symptoms similar to those of cholera became manifest in the city. This telephone project had Mr. Orlando Flye, an electrical engineer from Ohio, as general contractor; [33] and the foundation of the first private telephone service in Colombia, the Colombian-West Indian Mobile Company of Mobile by the U. It was at this time that the city became important for its booming business and its strategic geographic location, becoming the first port on a river of Colombia.
Urueta triumphed over Obeso, but additional troops overtook Urueta. Barranquilla became one of the 34 new departments, comprising the provinces of Barranquilla and Sabanalarga. With the fall of General Reyes in , the Department of Barranquilla was abolished by Act 65 of that year, with Barranquilla again integrating into the department of Bolivar. With the city's economic boom, the Chamber of Commerce of Barranquilla was created on June 28, On September 7, , a bill was passed by Congress recognizing the opening of Bocas de Ceniza as a national necessity.
With the connections of the river and seaport reaching the country's interior and abroad, the city became in the second half of the 19th century through the early decades of the 20th century, one of the most cosmopolitan and multicultural cities of Colombia. Puerto Colombia became one of the longest piers in the world and the principal port of Colombia, nicknamed the "Golden Gate of Colombia".
Of these immigrants, the Arab and Jewish from the Middle East immigrants were prominent, [41] referred to wrongly as "Turks" by the Colombian people. As a result, during the first half of the twentieth century, Barranquilla became one of the fastest-growing cities of Colombia, growing at rates well above others; this was maintained until the s.
Under economic dynamism, the city's business strength grew. This was attributed to its point of entry to the country by thousands of immigrants and many advances such as aviation.
In , the first public companies based in the country were established in Barranquilla. In an era of significant progress for the city, the first private commercial radio station was founded in the country, the first station being the state HJN Colombia Bogota. From the s until the early s, the city plunged into an economic decline, largely due to the failure of the political class as well as the collapse of major sectors of industrial activity.
In , the government created the first zone of Colombia in Barranquilla. In the 21st century, the city has been working on new projects to restore itself as the strategic capital within the country. Rapid urban growth, including the mass migration of peasants to the main cities, [53] attracted by economic development, has led to the demand of numerous proposals to accommodate such growth.
Barranquilla has always been famous for its chaotic urban planning, understandable given its spontaneous origin as a port and the reality of high administrative corruption which has hampered the channeling of resources for building an urban centre of greater structure and dimensions. The city is located in the northeastern corner of the department of the Atlantic, on the west bank of the Magdalena River , 7.
The urban area is built on a slightly inclined plane whose extreme heights, according to the Codazzi, are 4 m and 98 m east to west. Other sources say the slopes accidental heights of up to meters outside the city.
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According to Google Earth , the height of the city varies between 0 m in the western breakwater, up to maximum m in the neighborhood of Los Nogales. The geological composition of the region is the Tertiary period Miocene and Pliocene in western hills and Quaternary Pleistocene and Holocene in the more flat, like the sole of river. According to the Geographic Institute Agustin Codazzi , the materials in the area are mainly Quaternary alluvial, [58] lacustrine, [59] fluviolacustre.
The materials of the Tertiary Miocene and Pliocene are in the western hills, and presented as varied slopes. The average temperature is Nevertheless, from late November to early April, trade winds more or less cool it to a more comfortable temperature during daylight. During evening and through the night, temperature can change due to the strong winds it receives. Rainy seasons are from April to June and from August to November, when some streets flood producing "arroyos" streams that can be very dangerous, given the lack of appropriate rain drainage in some sectors of town.
In the fertile lands water by the Magdalena River, one can find species like Eichhornia azurea , Typha angustifolia , Heliconia , Eichhornia crassipes , Bactris minor , Anacardium excelsum , Ficus radula and Lecythis minor. In the urban areas are found tree species such as Gliricidia sepium , Cassia nodosa , Bursera simaruba , Terminalia catappa , Casuarina equisetifolia , and varieties of Ceiba like Ceiba pentandra , Hura crepitans and Bombax septenatum , Ficus elastica , Ochroma pyramidale , Erythroxylum cartagenensis , Licania tomentosa , Ficus religiosa , Ficus benghalensis , Spathodea campanulata , Enterolobium cyclocarpum , Samanea saman , Capparis odoratissima , Tabebuia coralibe , Gmelina arborea , Ficus nitida , Cordia sebestena , Tabebuia chrysantha , Pithecellobium lanceolatum , Kigelia pinnata , Swietenia macrophylla , Thespesia populnea , Sterculia apetala , Calophyllum mariae , Platymiscium pinnatum , Cordia bidentata , Cocos nucifera , Ficus benjamina , Guazuma ulmifolia , Albizia guachapele , Erythrina variegata , Crescentia cujete , Cassia fistula , Zyzygium cuminil , Azadirachta indica , Sapindus saponaria and varieties of palm trees like Roystonea regia and Phoenix roebelenii.
Some animal species can be found in the city such as birds like owls , wrens , and parrots; fish such as mullet in the marshes; insects such as butterflies , flies , mosquitoes , gnats , cockroaches and termites ; mammals such as feral dogs and cats, monkeys , rodents and possums zorrochuchos ; reptiles such as iguanas , snakes and tortoises. In some rural areas horses, donkeys , cattle, pigs and goats are raised. The completion of the construction of embankments of Bocas de Ceniza in resulted in the deterioration of the swamp, which was originally four marshes, and led to the deterioration of the nearby beaches of Puerto Colombia.
The stream of La Victoria flows through Barranquilla Botanical Garden, a community and recreational green area for public use with an approximate area of 7 hectares, located in the southeastern part of the city, in the neighborhood of La Victoria.
The lush vegetation and clear water springs have allowed a suitable habitat for rare native plant and animal species found within the city. Under wind, atmospheric pollutants move in a north and northeasterly direction, and in times of low winds or moderate winds, are more evenly distributed over the city. The most polluting industrial processes in the city are ammonium sulfate , cement, plaster , and paper pulp. The emission of gases from motor vehicle traffic is more critical in the central district, where much of the business is.
The pollutants emitted by vehicles are carbon monoxide To help remedy this problem, several state enterprises and private sector have supported a project to convert liquid fuel vehicles to natural gas. Furthermore, the city has installed more than 12 service stations catering to natural gas vehicles.
Barranquilla is the fourth-biggest atmospheric polluter from industry.
The causes of this problem lie heavily with the poor quality of petrol and diesel used by vehicles in the city, with record levels of 5, ppm parts per million sulfur and 4, ppm respectively, when there are countries whose rates do not even exceed The maximum noise allowed is 64 decibels for residential areas, and 70 to 75 for commercial and industrial areas.
In the center of Barranquilla, the noise generated by vehicular traffic and commercial activity in peak hours can reach levels above 90 decibels, making it a risk factor for population health. Barranquilla is administered by the Mayor, elected for 4 years, who represents the executive branch, to pronounce decrees and acts as legal representative, in the court and district court. The current mayor Alejandro Char began his second term of office in Through its headquarters in Barranquilla he also performs functions such as issuing passports and participation in projects like the revitalization of the historic center of Barranquilla by restoring the old buildings of the Interior, in order to launch a multipurpose cultural center in the Historic Center in January and other cultural restoration works.
Administratively, the mayor of Barranquilla is backed by the central government, with agencies reporting directly to the Mayor. Some administrative and technical departments are responsible for advising the mayor, the control of urban and administrative aspects and the development of different urban projects. This choice is regulated by the District Administration. At the same time, localities are subdivided into districts.
The city has barrios or wards and approximately 7, blocks. It was created by Decree Law December 14, , article 16, and put into operation by ordinance December 11, The director of the entity is the Secretary of the Metropolitan Board. In Barranquilla are the most important regional headquarters of many Colombian state entities, which are intended to develop programs and strategies defined by national guidelines.
To give a boost to the infrastructure development of the city, World Bank IBRD loans were sought from onwards to improve municipal water works, sewage system and slaughterhouse services.
Barranquilla is a major industrial centre and its economic activity is dynamic, concentrated mainly in industry, commerce, finance, services and fishing. Among the industrial products are vegetable fats and oils , pharmaceuticals, chemicals, industrial footwear, dairy products, meats, beverages, soap, building materials, furniture, plastics, cement, metalworking parts, garments clothing, buses and boats, and petroleum products.
Its port is also the hub for cotton from the rural areas, coffee and petroleum, apart from the diversified industrial products manufactured in the city. The Arabs Syro Lebanese and Jews who were a small group of immigrants to the country in the late 19th century were exclusively involved in commercial activities and made significant value additions to the economy of the Caribbean natural region in Colombia as a whole and Barranquilla in particular. Their prominent presence in the community known as "cosmopolitan bourgeoisie" as social and political elites, which has enabled them to diversify their activities.
According to the census, Most households simultaneously have 2 or 3 types of activities to make a living. The city is divided into different infrastructure zones; the Zona Franca de Barranquilla is the oldest and largest of the country which has around 90 companies operating within it.