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Camargo, P. Meybeck, M. Murdoch, P. Peierls, B. Petter, N. Rabalais, N. Schlesinger, W. Stumm, W. Download references. Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Av. Luiz A. Reprints and Permissions. Martinelli, L. Download citation. Issue Date : February Search SpringerLink Search. Abstract Water samples were collected from 7 locations along major rivers of Piracicaba River basin for 22 months.
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The households were selected considering the fraction determined by the number of total households divided per An example, if the census presented houses, it was defined the fraction divided per 11, resulting in the fraction of number of houses to selected one, in this case, for each 20 houses travelled, the examiner selected 1 house, varying according the number of houses of census tract [ 8 , 11 ]. Data collection was carried out between June and September Exclusion criteria were: unable to participate due to physical and psychological conditions [ 8 , 11 ].
When the household had been empty at three attempts to contact the participant, it was considered a lost. Intraexaminer agreement ranged from Clinical examinations took place in the households, under artificial lighting without prior prophylaxis or drying, using CPI-probes and front surface mouth mirrors, as recommended by the World Health Organization [ 7 ]. In addition, each participant answered a self-administered questionnaire. Data collection took place between June and September Inclusion criterion was having participated in the baseline independent of actual address.
Exclusion criteria were the same as the baseline [ 12 , 13 ]. Details of calibration process were described in previous publication [ 13 ].
Subjects were sought at their addresses and invited to participate in the study. In addition, each volunteer answered a self-administered questionnaire, containing additional research questions.
At the time of data collection, each subject kept the same baseline identification [ 12 , 13 ]. During baseline stage, there was a loss of 94 Piracicaba, SP, Brazil, — The reasons for not participating were: 64 Despite the occurrence of sample loss at follow-up Fig. This is the first prospective population-based cohort study on oral health in adults in Brazil, and the information from this cohort can be verified in recent publications, whether in respect to baseline first-wave [ 8 , 11 , 13 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 ] and second-wave data [ 12 , 13 , 18 , 25 ].
Although it had follow-up losses, this study is in line with other longitudinal studies [ 26 , 27 , 28 ].
Close banner Close. Something went wrong — please try again later. All adults who participated in the study signed a consent form and those who needed dental care were referred to public dental services closer to their home. Great place to stay, was clean, big apartment, good breakfast with a lot of choice. That's how we know our reviews come from real guests who have stayed at the property. Is dental caries reaching epidemic proportions in Brazil? Lock in a great price for New Life Apart Hotel — rated 9.
When working with a predominantly economically-active age group, there is a methodological difficulty in finding participants in their residences, for data collection, and in reencountering them in the same household, after a long period. The greater participation of women has been verified among surveys employing household data collection [ 6 , 29 ]. This is not what happens in studies with workers, in which there is a greater participation of men [ 10 ].
This raises questions on the best place for data collection in the adult age group: one must consider the representativeness of the population and at the same time minimize possible biases of sample selection [ 22 ]. During follow-up, although socioeconomic characteristics were the same in the participant and non-participant sample, there were statistical differences in the prevalence of some of these characteristics.
Older individuals with white skin color and stable union predominated in the final sample. One possible explanation is that individuals with greater financial stability, such as house owners, have a greater chance of remaining in the sample. Currently, studies have been focusing on the association between health literacy and health behaviors, self-perceived quality of life and oral clinical conditions [ 21 , 25 ].
For this, the cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the 14 - item Health Literacy Scale HLS can be a useful instrument, capable of evaluating health literacy in three levels: functional, communicative and critical [ 18 ]. It was described the methodological aspects of the oral health cohort of adults, that was very important to better understand the risk of tooth loss and others aspects involved with oral health.
During follow-up stage, there was sample loss, and greater participation of older individuals, with white skin color and in stable union. During the follow-up stage, the gross age was not considered but which age group the individual belonged at baseline in order to keep the adult in the study and did not change it from their subgroup. In this longitudinal study, a new sample calculation was not performed, because the objective was to evaluate the variables in the same individuals from the initial sample.
This may not refer to the representativeness of the initial population. In two stages, the data collection was performed by interview and not by self-administered questionnaire, since there were illiterate individuals who were not excluded from the sample.
Thus, the standardization by this means of collection by interview was adequate to the participation of all the universe chosen for the study. In two stages, the presence of periodontal pocket, it should be noted that this measure was performed by index teeth in each sextant, and not individualized. Despite the limitations presented in the study, the data are reliable to present results referring to a population epidemiological study of oral health of adults, and it is encouraged that future studies may overcome the methodological limitations presented here.
Global burden of severe periodontitis in — a systematic review and meta-regression. J Dent Res. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. Community Dent Health. Google Scholar. Global burden of untreated caries: a systematic review and metaregression.
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Global burden of severe tooth loss: a systematic review and meta-analysis.