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Write a review. Traveller rating. Selected filters. A Tripadvisor Member wrote a review Jul Google Translation. Read more. Date of stay: July Trip type: Travelled with family. Helpful Share. A Tripadvisor Member wrote a review Oct Date of stay: October Value. Sleep Quality. Write your review. Share your best travel photo. Get quick answers. Not the right property for you? See all properties. China Shandong Zaozhuang. Is This Your Tripadvisor Listing? Claim Your Listing. Therefore, we plotted the mean values of wind speed and rainfall against the level of severity of lodging and developed appropriate linear equations Fig 4c and 4d.
The statistics showed that sample instantaneous maximum wind speed and sample average instantaneous maximum wind speed and the severity of lodging were significantly positively correlated, correlation coefficient r were 0. Wind speed was the dominant factor in lodging whereas rainfall was the auxiliary factor.
Effect of sample instantaneous maximum wind speed. Effect of sample rainfall.
Effect of sample average instantaneous maximum wind speed. Effect of sample average rainfall. At present, it is generally believed that lodging in wheat is caused more by the bending moment induced by wind at the stem base or on the root plate than by the failure moment of the base stem or the root plate [ 1 ]. Although rainfall was not the main cause of large-scale lodging, rainfall significantly affected the severity of lodging by two ways: 1 rainfall can increase the weight of wheat plants to reduce the failure moment of the stem base and indirectly reduce the critical wind speed of wheat lodging; 2 rainfall can reduce the root anchoring effect makes wheat more susceptible to strong wind and root lodging.
For example, wheat in soils saturated with water suffered heavy lodging at 9.
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For quantitative research on the interaction between rainfall and instantaneous maximum wind speed as it affected lodging, the rainfall was categorized as follows: light 0—9. The average rainfall was then plotted against instantaneous maximum wind speed Fig 5a—5d. Statistical results showed that there was a significantly negative relationship between the instantaneous maximum wind speed and average rainfall for the level 2—5 lodging, the correlation coefficient r was Using linear extrapolation and introducing different intensities of rainfall into the equations, the critical wind speed that would result in a given severity of lodging was calculated without rainfall or with varying intensities of rainfall.
Without rainfall, instantaneous maximum wind speeds of Level 2.
Level 3. Level 4. Level 5. The time at which the lodging occurred also followed a clear pattern. The duration required for lodging depended on the weather. Lodging due to strong winds and that due to a combination of strong winds and heavy rainfall occurred quickly, within about 10 minutes to 2 hours. For example, heavy rains The duration of continuous rainfall that led to lodging, when not accompanied by strong winds, was usually longer, ranging from several hours to several days.
These results indicate that strong convectional weather was the main type of weather for large-scale lodging in wheat. To study a recent instance of lodging in wheat, the authors conducted a field investigation in the area around Xinxiang city, Henan, from May to June The area had suffered two instances of larger-scale lodging, on 1 May and 15 June.
The field survey showed that the major type continued to be stem lodging Fig 6a and 6b : strong winds coupled with heavy rainfall mostly result in stem lodging, whereas continuous rains alone mostly lead to root lodging. These findings helped in elucidating the phenomenon of lodging in greater detail. A spot showing many affected plants. Close-up of a few plants. The distribution of the 52 instances of wheat lodging, by province, was as follows: Shandong, 22 instances; Hebei, 9; Henan, 5; Anhui, 4; Jiangsu and the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, 3 each; Hubei and Shanxi, 2 each; and Heilongjiang and the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, 1 each.
The wind and rain, especially the wind speed is the most important external factors that cause the population lodging; the lodging results from the horizontal force exerted upon the population stalks by wind wind load more than the maximum bending moment that the population stalk is able to withstand at their base[ 1 , 7 ]. The research on large-scale wheat lodging critical wind speed, rainfall and their interaction could provide the basis for the establishment of wheat breeding objectives and breeding strategies. Lodging is closely related to wheat plant own factors for example stalk strength and rainfall, wind speed and other external factors.
Under the condition of the same wind and rain, the degree of the lodging is significantly negative related to the stalk strength. The stalk strength has close relationship with plant high, stem thickness, elastic, planting pattern, population density, but because a lot of research on these have been done [ 1 — 9 ], no longer discussed in this paper. Therefore, it is necessary to comprehensively consider both the wind, rain outside factors and internal factors such as plant stem strength on lodging effects in wheat breeding and production practice.
Strong convectional weather was the main type of weather that led to large-scale lodging. Wind speed was the dominant factor and rainfall was the auxiliary factor. The minimum wind speed that could cause large-scale lodging was closely related to rainfall. Without rainfall, the instantaneous minimum wind speed that resulted in lodging ranging in severity from slight to severe Level 2 to Level 5 was Shandong was the province that was most prone to lodging in terms of both the extent and the severity of lodging , followed in that order by Hebei and Anhui.
In breeding wheat for resistance to lodging, breeders should focus on strong winds together with heavy rainfall; such resistant varieties, to be worthwhile, should be able to withstand strong winds equivalent to Force 6 or above on the Beaufort scale. These comments and suggestions were highly insightful and enabled us to greatly improve the quality of our manuscript. Conceived and designed the experiments: LYN. Wrote the paper: LYN. Browse Subject Areas? Click through the PLOS taxonomy to find articles in your field.
Abstract Strong wind and heavy rain remain the two most important causes of large acreage wheat Triticum aestivum L. Introduction Lodging, or the permanent tilting or bending of stems from the vertical, is a major limiting factor to grain production worldwide [ 1 ]. Research Methods Lodging in wheat and historical weather data Information about instances of large-scale lodging in wheat from to was collected from the public reports on the Internet, and indicated the specific source in the references. Level 1: no lodging Level 2: slight lodging. Results Details of each of the 52 instances of lodging chosen for analysis are given in Table 1.
Download: PPT. Table 1. Large-scale lodging in winter wheat in China: date, location, rainfall, wind speed, growth stage of crop, severity and area.
Lodging time and region distribution The data in Table 1 show a more or less continual increase in the frequency of lodging: and saw two instances of lodging each; and saw three instances each; , four; , nine; and , twenty-nine. Growth stages and lodging Among the three stages during which lodging was observed, the instances were distributed as follows: a nthesis , 2 instances; milk development, 35 instances; and maturity, 15 instances. Meteorological factors and lodging types The instances of lodging fell into three categories by cause, namely strong wind, continuous rain, and strong wind coupled with heavy rain.
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Strong wind and lodging. Continuous rainfall and lodging. Strong winds accompanying heavy rainfall and lodging. Fig 3. Lodging due to strong winds accompanied by heavy rainfall. Discussion Analysis of meteorological factors Wind speed, rainfall, and severity of lodging. Table 2. Wind speed, rainfall, and severity of lodging in wheat. Fig 4. Effect of instantaneous maximum wind speed and rainfall on the severity of lodging in wheat. Rainfall and lodging.
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Fig 5. Interaction between daily rainfall and instantaneous maximum wind speed as it affected the level of severity of lodging. Weather and lodging. Type and distribution of lodging To study a recent instance of lodging in wheat, the authors conducted a field investigation in the area around Xinxiang city, Henan, from May to June Supporting Information.
S1 Table. References 1. View Article Google Scholar 2. Shandong Agricultural Sciences 55— View Article Google Scholar 3. Optimizing partitioning to grain while maintaining lodging resistance.
Journal of Triticeae Crops 26 1 : 87— View Article Google Scholar 6. Field Crop. View Article Google Scholar 7.