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This flood deposit cleanly overlies the early Qing dynasty archaeological deposits at Xinzhengmen. This flood deposit contain many laminated beds that likely represent episodic flooding that occurred over many months, corroborating descriptions of the AD flood found in historical documents 19 , Here, archaeologists have also found 15 skeletonized individuals that perished before or during the AD flood Fig. Most of the human remains are highly fragmentary and disarticulated.

The individuals that were articulated or partially articulated were found in a variety of positions, including both prone and supine with flexed limbs. Two individuals were found within wooden coffins and are presumed to have deceased before the AD flood. Aside from the human remains found within coffins, all the other skeletonized individuals appear to have died violently in the flood, disarticulated by debris and then buried within the mud left behind from the flood waters.

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Yongning Wangfu. At Yongning Wangfu, we have obtained three radiocarbon dates, one of which comes from a wooden column and the other two dates are from skeletonized individuals disarticulated by flood debris Supplementary Fig. This profile contains stratigraphic evidence of the destructive power of the AD Yellow River flood as well as cultural layers that date to the reoccupation of the city during the early Qing dynasty.

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As the flood lost energy, it deposited a reddish silt loam, typical of Yellow River flood deposits found nearby 14 , The flood deposits are clearly seen in the profiles exposed during the excavations at Yongning Wangfu. The high magnetic susceptibility values found in the Qing dynasty layer corroborates the archaeological evidence for a rapid reoccupation of Kaifeng after its destruction in AD Stratigraphy at Yongning Wangfu.

Here, archaeologists found a large concentration of Ming dynasty buildings with pottery, porcelain and the remains of a large kiln Fig. Judging from the layout of the buildings, the site may be the western part of the Zhou Wangfu. Dichen Xiyuan. The archaeologists found artifacts that date to the late Ming through the late Qing dynasties, including a Ming dynasty courtyard that had collapsed houses and walls Fig. Many artifacts were excavated from the site, including lacquered wooden wares, porcelain, pottery and other daily utensils. The archaeologists found three buildings that date to the late Ming dynasty which contained over 3, artifacts Fig.

Many of these artifacts are coins that were cast during the late Ming dynasty. Archaeologists also found 11 skeletonized individuals, four of which were badly disarticulated, likely a result of a violent death in the AD flood. Among these individuals, two were found prone on a wooden bedframe Fig. Taken together, the archaeological, historical, and sedimentary data recovered from Kaifeng provide enough information to tentatively reconstruct the fluvial dynamics of the AD flood using paleohydraulic methods Fig.

Urban stratigraphy of Kaifeng.

4 reasons to choose Henan Kaifeng·The Song Dynasty Of Kungfu City·

Note that the flood deposit is found several meters deeper beneath the modern land surface outside the Ming dynasty city walls than inside the city walls. Archaeologists have found the most debris, rip-up clasts, and flood victims within the walled portion of Ming dynasty Kaifeng, supporting this paleohydraulic scenario. In central China, people built city walls to protect their cities against invading armies and extreme flood events Eventually, the floodwaters exited the walled city to the southeast, leaving behind an incised channel seen in modern topography Fig.

The DEM highlights the paleochannels around the site, specifically, the paleochannel coming out to the southeast of Kaifeng may be the relict channel of the AD flood deposit Data available from the U. In this paper, we have presented compelling archaeological, radiocarbon, and sedimentary evidence of the historically documented Yellow River floods of AD and AD at Kaifeng.

Our results corroborate historical accounts of the AD Yellow River flood that killed around , people and nearly destroyed Kaifeng, and the AD Yellow River flood that inundated the countryside. As a result, the constant influx of floodwater into the city created a deadly mix of mud and urban debris that significantly amplified the destructive power of the Yellow River. As global temperatures continue to rise and increase the frequency of extreme events, the combined archaeological and paleoenvironmental record of exceptional floods, like the AD Yellow River flood, can provide an important reminder that unexpected events have happened in the past and will likely happen again.

The History of the Kaifeng Community

In extreme cases, these events can cause infrastructure built to prevent disasters to catastrophically fail, causing significantly more devastation than under normal circumstances. The results presented here are derived from salvage field work conditions at Xinzhengmen, Yongning Wangfu, Dichen Xiyuan, Xinjiekou, and Yulongwan, limiting our ability to present accurate geodetic information and artifact distribution data.

Samples and measurements of the lithostratigraphy and archaeostratigraphy at each site use standardized soil science terminology We sampled each stratigraphic layer identified at Yongning Wangfu and Xinzhengmen and conducted particle size analysis, loss-on-ignition, and magnetic susceptibility on each sample.

Particle size analysis was done using a Malvern particle size analyzer. We collected nine radiocarbon samples from wood, charcoal, and human remains and sent them for accelerator mass spectrometry radiocarbon dating at Beta Analytic. Using the bulk density of typical clay material, 1. This means that at least 6. We are also thankful to members of Department of Cultural Heritage and Museology at Fudan University for useful discussions. All authors revised the manuscript and approved the final version. Michael Storozum, Email: nc.

Peng Lu, Email: moc. Sanying Wang, Email: moc. National Center for Biotechnology Information , U. Sci Rep. Published online Feb China Find articles by Peng Lu. China Find articles by Sanying Wang. China Find articles by Panpan Chen. China Find articles by Ruixia Yang. China Find articles by Qifeng Ge. China Find articles by Jinping Cao. China Find articles by Junwei Wan. China Find articles by Hui Wang. China Find articles by Zhen Qin. China Find articles by Haiwang Liu. Author information Article notes Copyright and License information Disclaimer.

Corresponding author. Henan Kaifeng Desheng Installation Co. With respect to such Share Transfer, the Parties have reached this agreement to specify the rights and obligations of each Party as below:. Unless otherwise provided, the following terms have the meanings in this Agreement as ascribed to them here:. RMB10 million yuan. Upon consummation of this transaction, Party B assumes all profits and losses from the Benchmark Day.

Party B has completed due diligence investigation into the Company to its satisfaction;. The share transfer, this Agreement and associated Articles of Association have been approved by the Foreign Investment Approval Authorities; and the Company has obtained an approval certificate from the Foreign Investment Approval Authorities.

The Company is in normal operation, and all material contracts remain in effect and are duly performed;. All assets and facilities of the Company are well maintained, and the existing net assets of the Company are not decreased;. Party A covenants that, during the Transition Period, it will not engage in any of the following activities unless prior written approval from Party B is obtained:. Pass any resolution or decision announcing or distributing dividends, interest or any other forms of profits;. There was at that time a problem with the European's understanding of whether the country which Marco Polo had visited by an overland route, and called Cathay, was the same country as China which had been visited by sea.

Marco Polo, also an Italian, had travelled from Europe through Asia beginning his journey in and living in Cathay for 17 years before returning to Italy. Ricci was convinced that these countries were the same but, until another overland journey was made, this could not be confirmed. Ricci's hypothesis was proved by another Jesuit by the name of De Goes, who set out from India in , and although he died in before reaching Peking, he had by that time made contact by letter with Ricci and proved that Marco Polo's Cathay was China.

By the time he was living in Peking, Ricci's skill at Chinese was sufficient to allow him to publish several books in Chinese. The Chinese reaction to Ricci's book, which showed them the logical construction in Euclid's Elements for the first time, is discussed in [10].

Certainly the style of Euclid was far from the style of Chinese mathematics and this mixing of mathematical cultures must have been a cultural shock to both sides. Ricci of course had to dress in the style of a Chinese scholar and be known under a Chinese name, he used 'Li Matou', to become accepted by the Chinese. However he became famous in China for more than his mathematical skills, becoming known for his extraordinary memory and for his knowledge of astronomy. He even became known as a painter and a painting of a landscape around Peking has recently been attributed to him.

Later based upon Finn's correspondence with Mr. Letter from Consul T. This man whose name is Tieh Ting-an who fought by the side of the imperial general, is now on the staff of the Admiral of Amoy: and at my request, and in answer to my questions, made the following statement. I took note of what he said, whilst he was speaking, and your little work, The Jews in China, was lying before me.

I am a native of Kaifeng and a Mohammedan. My mother used to walk and amuse herself near the ynagogue of my youth.

I am well acquainted with the Jews there. There in all eight families chi hsing pa chia , amounting probably to one thousand persons. Two families remain perfect. These are the Kao High and Shih Stone. The head of the Shih family, although he has forsaken the Jewish rites, has rebuilt the Synagogue perhaps repaired it. One of the family of Chin Gold has been promoted by the Emperor to a high military rank.

Six families have intermarried with the Chinese. Two families intermarry with Chinese Mohammedans only. The Jews give their daughters to the Mohammedans; the Mohammedans do not give their daughters to the Jews.

The Jews do not know from whence they came, or the period of their coming to China. The Jews are quite Chinese in appearance. Their women exactly resemble the Kaifeng women. They have all straight features like the people in the centre of China. In the Ming Dynasty the Jews were rich and their customs were as of old. One of the family of Kao keeps a large spice and perfumery warehouse; and Shih Stone has a large silk shop. Stone is the family name.

The synagogue has eight corners. I do not know the name of the Emperor who gave the Jews the synagogue. Strangers and carriers of pork cannot pass near the synagogue. On the right hand of the synagogue is an inscribed stone stele. There are two very large trees in front of the synagogue. All persons enter the synagogue by the two side doors.

The large door is opened only on the last day of the old Chinese year; it is then thrown open from New Year's Eve until the evening of Chinese New Year's Day. There is one large room in the synagogue no one dares to enter.

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