Knight dating in Mansura Egypt
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This finding eventually leads to the development of a laboratory strain of poxvirus, vaccinia virus, used as a vaccine in the Smallpox Eradication Program led by the World Health Organization [ 47 , 48 ]. Vaccinia is a member of the Orthopoxvirus genus and is its most extensively studied member.
It was the first mammalian virus to be visualized microscopically, successfully grown in tissue culture, titrated accurately, purified physically and analyzed biochemically [ 40 ]. Due to this historical role, vaccinia virus has the longest and most extensive history of use in humans of any virus and has had a major impact on the development of vaccines.
Wild-type vaccinia virus has been used in hundreds of millions of humans as a vaccine for the eradication of smallpox and has shown a good safety profile as only rare serious side effects have been reported during the vaccination program [ 49 ]. Although smallpox has been completely eradicated from the s onwards, vaccinia virus has been studied as a viral vector for the development of cancer virotherapy, immunotherapies, as well as the development of next generation smallpox vaccines due to its strong safety profile and high immunogenicity [ 50 ].
The Battle of Mansurah was fought from February 8 to February 11, , between Crusaders See also: Air battle of Mansoura Date, 8–11 February The ships entered Egyptian waters and the troops of the Seventh Crusade The Crusaders, led by Robert of Artois, crossed the canal with the Knights Templar. The December Mansoura bombing occurred on the morning of Tuesday, 24 December in the Nile Delta city of Mansoura in Egypt. Date, 24 December () Kefaya · Revolutionary Socialists · Strong Egypt Party · Al-Ahly Ultras · Zamalek's Ultras White Knights · National Association for Change.
Canine distemper virus CDV is an enveloped, negativesense single stranded RNA virus of the family Paramyxoviridae, closely related to human measles and rinderpest virus, that infects different cell types, including epithelial, mesenchymal, neuroendocrine and hematopoietic cells of various organs and tissues [ 51 , 52 ]. It is a close relative of measles virus MV.
CDV is capable of infecting canine lymphoid cell lines, histiocytic sarcoma cell lines, such as DH82 cells, and neoplastic lymphocytes in vitro, commonly inducing apoptosis of tumour cells [ 53 , 54 ]. These observations prompted the consideration of attenuated MV for the treatment of human lymphoma and, consequently, measles virus has shown promising anti-tumor activity against a variety of malignant neoplasms in both preclinical and clinical studies [ 56 ]. Attenuated CDV was able to infect canine lymphoma cells in cell culture via binding to CD and to induce apoptosis in these cells [ 58 ].
While preliminary, these results support the continued evaluation of CDV for the treatment of canine lymphoma.
CDC office physical presence 5 U. The following other wikis use this file: Usage on ar. The blood was collected and then the serum was immediately separated. Download as PDF Printable version. Holy Whale! Taken together, we presumed that the hepatoprotective effect of vardenafil against LCA-induced cholestatic damage might be partly mediated via the activation of Nrf2 and its target genes. However, vardenafil treatment significantly reversed this pathophysiological state and successfully conferred protection against LCA-induced hepatotoxic effects in a dose-dependent manner.
Coxsackie viruses are divided into two subgroups, A and B, based on pathogenicity in mice. At least 23 serotypes of group A and six serotypes of group B have been described. Coxsackie viruses are considered to be a minor human pathogen.
Young children, aged five years and under, are more susceptible to coxsackie virus A disease, often produced by serotype A Infection of individuals occurs mainly via entry through exposed areas, such as the skin and mucosal surfaces i. Various nonengineered strains of coxsackie virus from both groups are currently being tested as single oncolytic therapeutics or in combination with conventional chemotherapy drugs.
In preclinical models, coxsackie virus B3 CVB3 exhibited potent tumor cell lysis in a number of non-small cell lung cancer cell lines, even in cancer cells refractory to conventional radiotherapy and molecular targeted therapies [ 62 ]. Furthermore, deployment of coxsackie viruses into the local tumor environment induced productive cell spread and promoted immunogenic cytotoxicity following tumor oncolysis. Reovirus, is a segmented double-stranded RNA virus, has been extensively tested in oncolytic virotherapy of human cancers over the past decade.
While its clinical development has advanced into phase II and III clinical trials with human cancer patients, it has been hardly studied as a canine or feline oncolytic agent. A very recent study demonstrated for the first time that canine mast cell tumors MCT were highly susceptible to reovirus infection in vitro [ 63 ].
In addition, a single intratumoral reovirus injection significantly regressed canine mast cell tumor xenografts [ 63 ]. However, reovirus also infected normal canine mast cells raising safety concerns. Subsequent studies should address these concerns before using reovirus as an oncolytic agent for canine cancer therapy.
An oncolytic virus destroys tumors either by direct viral lysis of tumor cells [ 64 , 65 ], by the destruction of the tumor vasculature [ 65 ], by induction of host antitumoral immune responses [ 66 , 67 ] or most likely, a combination of these mechanisms [ 68 ] Figure 3.
An increased infiltration of neutrophils, macrophages and natural killer NK cells to the tumor site might be involved in the vaccinia virus VACV - mediated immune response in different canine cancer xenograft models [ 69 , 70 ]. The presence of such activated inflammatory cells in the tumor tissue may enhance the antitumoral effect by increasing the phagocytic or cytotoxic activities of these cells [ 71 , 72 ]. In addition, an increase in proinflammatory interferon-gamma IFN-gamma , interleukin-2 IL-2 , interleukin-6 IL-6 , tumor necrosis factoralpha TNF-alpha , interferon gamma-induced protein 10 IP , macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha MIP-1 alpha , macrophage inflammatory protein-1 beta MIP-1 beta , monocyte chemotactic protein-1 MCP-1 , and monocyte chemotactic protein-3 MCP-3 was observed in vaccinia virusinfected canine xenografted mice [ 73 ].
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Many of these proteins stimulate innate immunity mediated by dendritic cells, neutrophils, macrophages and NK cells. Moreover, oncolytic viruses can be additionally armed to enhance their natural antiangiogenic ability. Vaccinia virus expressing anti-VEGF antibodies significantly decreased neoangiogenesis at the tumor site and inhibited tumor growth in canine and feline xenografts [ 78 , 79 ]. Thus, strategies employing virus-encoded and delivered anti-VEGF antibodies in combination with OV may be effective therapeutic approaches for pet cancer patients Table 1.
For instance, we could envision administering OVs first by a series of intravenous infusions to ensure maximum distribution of the OV to all metastatic sites followed by multiple intratumoral in situ vaccine boosts. This type of administration regimen has already been piloted with an oncolytic vaccine [ 80 ]. The use of recombinant OVs as clinical biotherapies, it is important to determine whether viremia could be induced that could result in shedding of the OV. Despite some promising results in cancer gene therapy, there are many limitations to overcome [ 84 - 90 ]. Only a limited number of therapeutic genes can be used in clinical trials.
Vectors are not efficient in vivo. Although the high transfection efficiency with adenovirus in vitro is well documented, it is still not clear whether adenoviral vectors are effective in vivo in solid tumor models [ 91 - 96 ].
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The significant incidence and mortality associated with cancers continue to challenge modern medicine to develop more reliable therapies. One of the most promising novels cancer therapies is oncolytic virotherapy. This method is based on the capability of OVs to preferentially infect and lyse cancer cells and to initiate tumor-specific immunity.
Several oncolytic viruses including human and canine adenoviruses, canine distemper virus CDV , reovirus and vaccinia virus strains have been tested with convincing results in preclinical studies.
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