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The climate of the Canaries, however, is tempered by the surrounding ocean. The Canary Islands are an integral part of Spain; this has been so for more than years, and a huge majority of Canarians have confirmed their status repeatedly over time. The language of the Canaries is Spanish Castilian , but the accent is more like the Spanish spoken in the Caribbean.
The Canarian fiscal and economic system is different from the general Spanish one, which is in force in the major part of the Mainland. As a part of Spain, the Canaries are also part of the European Union. However, the islands enjoy some exceptions in the fiscal and economic area. The Supreme Court of Justice exercises the judicial power. Although mainland tax regulations apply in the Canaries, companies operating there are also eligible for special tax incentives the Special Tax Regime or REF.
Key features of the REF are as follows:. The Canary Islands Special Zone has been created within the fiscal and economic regime of the Canary Islands for the purpose of encouraging the economic and social development of the islands and the diversification of their manufacturing and service sectors. In early , the Department of Economic Affairs and Finance of the Canary Islands Government suggested the introduction of improvements to the Canary Islands Economic and Fiscal Regime, including the extension of the time frame of the low tax zone beyond of 25 years for companies in the service sector and 50 years for companies operating in the industrial sector.
In addition, a suggestion has been made for solving the problems related to double taxation on profits.
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This modification aims to make the ZEC a real stimulus for attracting companies with newly-created economic activity. The Guanches were the aboriginal inhabitants of the Canary Islands. The Guanches were the only native people known to have lived in the Macaronesian region before the arrival of Europeans , as there is no evidence that the other Macaronesian archipelagos the Azores , Cape Verde Islands or Madeira were inhabited before Europeans arrived.
After the Spanish conquest of the Canaries many were wiped out by the Spanish settlers [1] while others bred into the settler population [3] although elements of their culture survive to this day, intermixed within Canarian customs and traditions such as Silbo the whistled language of La Gomera Island. Genetic evidence shows that northern African peoples made a significant contribution to the aboriginal population of the Canaries following desertification of the Sahara at some point after BC.
Linguistic evidence suggests ties between the Guanche language and the Berber languages of North Africa , particularly when comparing numeral systems. The islands were visited by a number of peoples within recorded history. The Numidians , Phoenicians , and Carthaginians knew of the islands and made frequent visits, [10] including expeditions dispatched from Mogador by Juba. These show that Romans did trade with the Canaries, though there is no evidence of them ever settling there.
It is thought that the arrival of the aborigines to the archipelago led to the extinction of some big reptiles and insular mammals, for example Canariomys bravoi , the giant rat of Tenerife. Roman author and military officer Pliny the Elder , drawing upon the accounts of Juba II , king of Mauretania , stated that a Mauretanian expedition to the islands around 50 BC found the ruins of great buildings, but otherwise no population to speak of.
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Strictly speaking, the Guanches were the indigenous peoples of Tenerife. The population seems to have lived in relative isolation up to the time of the Castilian conquest, around the 14th century though Genoese , Portuguese , and Castilians may have visited there from the second half of the 8th century onwards.
The name came to be applied to the indigenous populations of all the seven Canary Islands, [1] those of Tenerife being the most important or powerful. What remains of their language, Guanche — a few expressions, vocabulary words and the proper names of ancient chieftains still borne by certain families [1] — exhibits positive similarities with the Berber languages. According to European chroniclers, the Guanches did not possess a system of writing at the time of conquest; the writing system may have fallen into disuse or aspects of it were simply overlooked by the colonizers.
Inscriptions, glyphs and rock paintings and carvings are quite abundant throughout the islands. Petroglyphs attributed to various Mediterranean civilizations have been found on some of the islands. In Dr. In other locations, Libyco-Berber script has been identified.
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The geographic accounts of Pliny the Elder and of Strabo mention the Fortunate Isles but do not report anything about their populations. Among the villagers, one did speak Arabic and asked them where they came from. Then the king of the village ordered them to bring them back to the continent where they were surprised to be welcomed by Berbers.
Al-Idrisi also described the Guanche men as tall and of a reddish-brown complexion. During the 14th century, the Guanches are presumed to have had other contacts with Balearic seafarers from Spain, suggested by the presence of Balearic artifacts found on several of the Canary Islands.
Gadifer invaded Lanzarote and Fuerteventura with ease since many of the aboriginals, faced with issues of starvation and poor agriculture, surrendered to Spanish rule. The other five islands fought back. Only one in five of the Castilians survived, including the leader of the expedition, Alonso Fernandez de Lugo. Lugo later returned to the island with the alliance of the kings of the southern part of the island, and defeated the Guanches in the Battle of Aguere.
The northern Menceyatos or provinces fell after the Second Battle of Acentejo with the defeat of the successor of Bencomo , Bentor, Mencey of Taoro—what is now the Orotava Valley—in The native Guanche language is now only known through a few sentences and individual words, supplemented by several placenames.
Many modern linguists propose that it belongs to the Berber branch of the Afroasiatic languages. However, while there are recognizable Berber words particularly with regards to agriculture within the Guanche language, no Berber grammatical inflections have been identified; there is a large stock of vocabulary that does not bear any resemblance to Berber whatsoever.
Little is known of the religion of the Guanches. The women of Hierro worshipped a goddess called Moneiba. According to tradition, the male and female gods lived in mountains, from which they descended to hear the prayers of the people.
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On other islands, the natives venerated the sun , moon , earth and stars. A belief in an evil spirit was general.
The demon of Tenerife was called Guayota and lived at the peak of Teide volcano, which was the hell called Echeyde ; [1] in Tenerife and Gran Canaria, the minor demons took the form of wild black woolly dogs called Jucanchas [22] in the first and Tibicenas [23] in the latter, which lived in deep caves of the mountains, emerging at night to attack livestock and human beings. In Tenerife , Magec god of the Sun and Chaxiraxi the goddess mother were also worshipped.
In times of drought, the Guanches drove their flocks to consecrated grounds, where the lambs were separated from their mothers in the belief that their plaintive bleating would melt the heart of the Great Spirit. But many more figures have been found in the rest of the archipelago.
Most researchers agree that the Guanches performed their worship in the open, under sacred trees such as pine or drago , or near sacred mountains such as Mount Teide , which was believed to be the abode of the devil Guayota. But sometimes the Guanches also performed worship in caves, as in "Cave of Achbinico" in Tenerife. Until the 20th century, there were in the Canary Islands especially in northern Tenerife individuals called "Animeros". They were similar to healers and mystics with a syncretic beliefs combining elements of the Guanche religion and Christianity.
As in other countries close to the islands e. The Guanches had priests or shamans who were connected with the gods and ordained hierarchically:. In this event the Guanches shared milk, gofio , sheep or goat meat. At the present time, this coincides with the pilgrimage to the Basilica of the Virgin of Candelaria Patron of Canary Islands.
Mummification was not commonly practiced throughout the islands but was highly developed on Tenerife in particular. In Gran Canaria there is currently a debate on the true nature of the mummies of the ancient inhabitants of the island, as researchers point out that there was no real intention to mummify the deceased and that the good conservation of some of them is due rather to environmental factors.
In Lanzarote and Fuerteventura this practice is ruled out. The Guanches embalmed their dead; many mummies have been found in an extreme state of desiccation, each weighing not more than 6 or 7 pounds. Two almost inaccessible caves in a vertical rock by the shore 3 miles from Santa Cruz on Tenerife are said still to contain remains. The process of embalming seems to have varied. In Tenerife and Gran Canaria, the corpse was simply wrapped up in goat and sheep skins, while in other islands a resinous substance was used to preserve the body, which was then placed in a cave difficult to access, or buried under a tumulus.
Embalming seems not to have been universal, and bodies were often simply hidden in caves or buried.
In , the largest Guanche necropolis of the Canary Islands was found, at Uchova in the municipality of San Miguel de Abona in the south of the island of Tenerife. This cemetery was almost completely looted; it is estimated to have contained between 60 and 74 mummies.
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Although little is known about this practice among them, it has been shown that they performed both animal sacrifices and human sacrifices. In Tenerife during the summer solstice, the Guanches were accustomed to kill livestock and throw them into a fire as an offering to the gods. It is likely that animals were also sacrificed on the other islands.
As for human sacrifices, in Tenerife it was the custom to throw the Punta de Rasca a living child at sunrise at the summer solstice. Sometimes these children came from all parts of the island, even from remote areas of Punta de Rasca. It follows that it was a common custom of the island. Embalmers who produced the Guanche mummies also had a habit of throwing into the sea one year after the king's death. Bones of children mixed with lambs and kids were found in Gran Canaria , and in Tenerife amphorae have been found with remains of children inside. This suggests a different kind of ritual infanticide to those who were thrown overboard.
Child sacrifice has been seen in other cultures, especially in the Mediterranean — Carthage now Tunisia , Ugarit in the current Syria , Cyprus and Crete. The political and social institutions of the Guanches varied. In some islands like Gran Canaria, hereditary autocracy by matrilineality prevailed, [31] in others the government was elective.
In Tenerife all the land belonged to the kings who leased it to their subjects. Insult of a woman by an armed man was allegedly a capital offense. The island of Tenerife was divided into nine small kingdoms menceyatos , each ruled by a king or Mencey. The Mencey was the ultimate ruler of the kingdom, and at times, meetings were held between the various kings.
When the Castilians invaded the Canary Islands, the southern kingdoms joined the Castilian invaders on the promise of the richer lands of the north; the Castilians betrayed them after ultimately securing victory at the Battles of Aguere and Acentejo. In Tenerife the grand Mencey Tinerfe and his father Sunta governed the unified island, which afterwards was divided into nine kingdoms by the children of Tinerfe. Guanches wore garments made from goat skins or woven from plant fibers called Tamarcos, which have been found in the tombs of Tenerife.
They had a taste for ornaments and necklaces of wood, bone and shells, worked in different designs. Beads of baked earth, cylindrical and of all shapes, with smooth or polished surfaces, mostly colored black and red, were fairly common.