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Interviews were conducted in Portuguese and Ndau, when necessary with an interpreter. Some of the people interviewed requested anonymity because of security concerns. All instances where pseudonyms have been used are referenced in the footnotes. Human Rights Watch informed all interviewees of the nature and purpose of our research, and our intentions to publish a report with the information gathered.
We informed each potential interviewee that they were under no obligation to speak with us, that Human Rights Watch does not provide humanitarian or legal services, and that they could stop speaking with us or decline to answer any question with no adverse consequences. We obtained oral consent for each interview and interviewees did not receive any compensation for speaking with Human Rights Watch. On August 17, , Human Rights Watch submitted a list of questions about alleged human rights violations by security forces to Mozambican President Filipe Nyusi, who serves as commander-in-chief of the defense and security forces see Appendix I.
As of December 19, , none of these offices had replied. Renamo responded on August 30, see Appendix V , and its answers, where relevant, are included in the report. An estimated one million people died during the year-long war, and five million were displaced. In November , during direct talks between the two warring sides, the Mozambican parliament adopted a new constitution that established a multi-party system with regular elections and guaranteed respect for fundamental rights and liberties.
The two parties signed a peace agreement to end the civil war on October 4, Nine days later, parliament ratified an amnesty law for both government forces and Renamo rebels that protected members of these forces unconditionally from prosecution for war crimes and other atrocities during the war. Due to the amnesty law, no one has been held accountable for war crimes.
As part of the peace deal, the government allowed Renamo leader Afonso Dhlakama to keep a man private armed guard. Today Renamo is believed to have an armed force of about men.
Dadra and Nagar Haveli. It is mandatory to procure user consent prior to running these cookies on your website. Because of their unsatisfactory performance and because of the shift, under the Estado Novo regime of Oliveira Salazar , towards a stronger Portuguese control of the Portuguese Empire 's economy, the companies' concessions were not renewed when they ran out. However, access to these institutions was largely limited to whites. Socio-demographic characteristics are summarized in Table 1. According to the Provincial Epidemiological Department of Nampula, from September to 10 July a total of 2, cases were recorded in Mozambique and 1, of them The virtual offering will eliminate restrictions currently being posed by physical borders and time restraints.
Mozambique held its first multi-party elections in October The ruling Frelimo party maintained control, winning both the presidential election with 53 percent of the vote, and parliamentary elections with 44 percent. Renamo received 34 percent in the presidential election, and 38 percent in the parliamentary vote. In November , during a Renamo protest against the election results, police opened fire on reportedly violent protesters. Forty-one people died, including six police officers, and were injured. Over Renamo supporters were arrested. Tension between the Frelimo-led government and Renamo flared again in April , when the Renamo armed group raided a police station in Muxungue, killing at least four officers.
On September 5, , the Mozambican government and Renamo signed a new peace deal that called for the disarming of Renamo fighters and their integration into the national army and police. The government accused Renamo of refusing to provide a list of its fighters to be integrated. Renamo resisted the operation, resulting in frequent violent clashes in the central provinces of Manica, Sofala, Tete and Zambezia. In June , the 23 foreign military observers in Mozambique, who had arrived in September to monitor the disarming and integration of Renamo forces, left the country.
The government rejected this demand, leading to stalled talks between the two sides. An international mediation effort led by Mario Raffaelli, a representative of the European Union, started in July That December, following a publicly announced phone conversation with President Nyusi, Renamo leader Dhlakama announced a unilateral ceasefire. In January , President Nyusi dismissed the team of mediators and announced the creation of a multi-disciplinary team to plan the demobilization of RENAMO fighters, the integration of Renamo fighters into state security forces, and the decentralization of political power.
On August 7, , President Nyusi and Dhlakama met for the first time in the Gorongosa bush, in what many analysts considered an important step towards peace. Human Rights Watch documented a range of serious human rights violations committed by government security forces in the central provinces of Manica and Sofala between November and December , when the latest ceasefire came into effect.
These include enforced disappearances, arbitrary arrests, torture and other ill-treatment in detention and the destruction of property. The Mozambican human rights organization Liga dos Direitos Humanos LDH said that government forces abducted or summarily executed at least 83 people in the provinces of Manica, Sofala, Tete and Zambezia between November and December , but it did not provide details to allow corroboration of these claims.
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In October , Renamo gave Human Rights Watch a list containing names of its members and officials who they allege were detained or killed between the October general election and October , with details such as places and dates. The list includes names, dates, places and basic circumstances of each case. Human Rights Watch could not independently verify every case on the list, which included the cases of senior political figures covered in this report, who had apparently been killed for political reasons, as well as the apparent targeted killings of other Renamo officials that had been reported in the media.
In August , Human Rights Watch sent a letter to President Nyusi, who serves as commander-in-chief of the defense and security forces, listing various allegations of abuse and requesting an official response. Human Rights Watch documented seven cases of apparent enforced disappearance, all of them in Sofala province, and heard credible accounts of many more in the same province. They said that government officials had failed to provide them with information about the whereabouts of their relative, despite repeated requests.
None of the four men have been seen or heard from since. Unconfirmed reports indicate that Munera and his brother were detained due to their involvement with Renamo, the mayor said. In November , a police officer in the Beira Investigative Police PIC , who asked to remain anonymous for fear of reprisals, said that at least four other cases of people who had disappeared in Gorongosa had been reported to the investigative police in Beira.
When asked to provide a contact in the army special forces, the officer said he did not have permission to provide that information.
In another case, a friend of Timoteo Bernardo, a year-old motorcycle taxi driver, told Human Rights Watch that on February 16, , army soldiers stopped Bernardo at a checkpoint in Mapombwe near Gorongosa. The friend said:. He said he had not seen or heard from him since that day.
In another case, soldiers apparently detained Manuel Fungulane, 28, near the Mapombwe checkpoint in Gorongosa on August 13, , and he has not been seen or heard from since. The soldiers handcuffed Fungulane, put him in an army vehicle, and told the friend to inform the family that they had detained him for his connections with Renamo. The wife and mother said that Fungulane was just a trader with no political activity.
When she went there, she said, the guard at the base told her to go to the police station in Gorongosa village. The woman said that she and others searched in vain for several weeks until they finally gave up. Celestino Dez, 30, a gasoline seller, disappeared on May 5, , and the authorities have refused to provide his family with information. Witnesses told him that soldiers had detained Dez in the village of Canda, beat him and took him away in a Ford Ranger like the ones commonly used by government security forces.
He went to the nearby military base but personnel there said they knew nothing about the case. The government has yet to release any information about Renamo members or supporters it has arrested or legally charged, despite police spokesmen claiming on various occasions that they had arrested armed men.
Human Rights Watch interviewed four men who alleged that they were wrongfully detained and tortured by state security forces between May and June Interviewed separately, each said that security forces accused them of supplying food to Renamo armed men in the Gorongosa mountains, which they denied. One of the men, a pastor of a church in Tanzaronta, Gorongosa, said that soldiers driving an armored vehicle and a pickup truck arrived at his church at about 2 p.
He explained:. The pastor said he saw eight other men detained on the base, one of whom he recognized as a motorcycle taxi driver in Tanzaronta.
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