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Outdoor setting, trees in background. Medium: Postcard. Production date ? Production place Made in: Sierra Leone. Technique photographic process. Dimensions Length: The sister city of Freetown in Sierra Leone has launched an appeal to raise money for people affected by Monday's mudslide. Hull was twinned with the West African city in due to its links with William Wilberforce and the slavery abolition movement.
More than people have been confirmed dead and another are missing after a hillside collapsed burying houses following heavy rain. More on this and other Hull stories. The campaign is being led by local group The Freetown Society which supports links between the two cities. Kathleen Guthrie, chair of the society, said the effects of the mudslide had been "devastating" and people in Freetown were in desperate need.
The politician's campaigning led to the passing of the Slave Trade Act of , which ended Britain's involvement in the transatlantic slave trade.
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Later that year, acting-Governor Macaulay sent out an expedition which went up the Jong river and burned Commenda , a town belonging to a related chief. In , the colonial authorities founded the Sierra Leone Police Corps.
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In , this force was divided into the Civilian Police and the Frontier Police. The British developed a modus operandi which characterised their interventions throughout the century: army or frontier police, with naval support if possible, would bombard a town and then usually torch it after the defenders had fled or been defeated. Where possible, local enemies of the party being attacked were invited by the British to accompany them as allies.
In the s, Britain's intervention in the hinterland received added impetus because of the " Scramble for Africa ": an intense competition between the European powers for territory in Africa. In this case, the rival was France. To forestall French incursion into what they had come to consider as their own sphere, the British government renewed efforts to finalise a boundary agreement with France and on 1 January instructed Governor Hay in Sierra Leone to get from chiefs in the boundary area friendship treaties containing a clause forbidding them to treat with another European power without British consent.
Consequently, in and Hay and two travelling commissioners, Garrett and Alldridge, went on extensive tours of what is now Sierra Leone obtaining treaties from chiefs. Most of these were not, however, treaties of cession; they were in the form of cooperative agreements between two sovereign powers.
In January , a boundary agreement was signed in Paris, roughly fixing the line between French Guinea and Sierra Leone. The exact line was to be determined by surveyors. As Christopher Fyfe notes, "The delimitation was made almost entirely in geographical terms—rivers, watersheds, parallels—not political.
Samu chiefdom, for instance, was divided; the people on the frontier had to opt for farms on one side or villages on the other. More generally, the arbitrary lumping-together of disparate native peoples into geographical units decided by the colonial powers has been an ongoing source of trouble throughout Africa. These geographical units are now attempting to function as nations but are not naturally nations, being composed in many cases of peoples who are traditional enemies. In Sierra Leone, for example, the Mende, Temne and Creoles remain as rival power blocs between whom lines of fission easily emerge.
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In August , an Order-in-Council was issued in Britain authorising the Colony to make laws for the territory around it, extending out to the agreed-upon boundary which corresponds closely to that of present-day Sierra Leone. On 31 August , a Proclamation was issued in the Colony declaring that territory to be a British Protectorate. The Colony remained a distinct political entity; the Protectorate was governed from it.
Most of the chiefs whose territories the Protectorate subsumed did not enter into it voluntarily. Many had signed treaties of friendship with Britain, but these were expressed as being between sovereign powers contracting with each other; there was no subordination. Only a handful of chiefs had signed treaties of cession, and in some of those cases it is doubtful whether they had understood the terms.
Sister cities celebrate 30 years. We use cookies to make our website work more efficiently, to provide you with more personalised services or advertising to you, and to analyse traffic on our website. TB is spread from person to person through the air. When people with lung TB cough, sneeze or spit, they propel the TB germs into the air; a person needs to inhale only a few of the germs to become infected. Her eye for style and color is awesome. Set cookie preferences. Cholera outbreaks in Sierra Leone The prevailing strain of cholera in the country is El-Tor which Sierra Leone experienced as its first reported epidemic of the disease in
In remote areas no treaties had been obtained at all. Strictly speaking, a Protectorate does not exist unless the people in it have agreed to be protected. The Sierra Leone Protectorate was more in the nature of a unilateral acquisition of territory by Britain. Almost every chieftaincy in Sierra Leone responded to the British arrogation of power with armed resistance. The Protectorate Ordinances passed in the Colony in and abolished the title of King and replaced it with "Paramount Chief".
Chiefs and kings had formerly been selected by the leading members of their own communities; now all chiefs, even paramount ones, could be deposed or installed at the will of the Governor, and most of the judicial powers of the chiefs were removed and given to courts presided-over by British "District Commissioners".
The Governor decreed that a house tax of 5 s to 10 s was to be levied annually on every dwelling in the Protectorate. To the chiefs, these reductions in their power and prestige were unbearable. When attempts were made to collect the house tax in , the chiefs and their people rose up: first in the north, led by a dominant Temne chief called Bai Bureh , and then in Mende country to the south. The two risings together are referred to as the Hut Tax War of , though they had quite different characteristics. Bai Bureh's forces conducted a disciplined and skillfully executed guerrilla campaign which caused the British considerable difficulty.
Hostilities began in February; Bureh's harassing tactics confounded the British at first but by May they were gaining ground. The rainy season interrupted hostilities until October, when the British resumed the slow process of eliminating the Africans' stockades.
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When most of these defences had been eliminated, Bureh was captured or surrendered accounts differ in November. The Mende war was a mass uprising, planned somehow to commence everywhere on 27 and 28 April, in which almost all "outsiders"—whether European or Creole—were seized and summarily executed.
Although more fearsome than Bai Bureh's rising, it was amorphous, lacked a definite strategy, and was suppressed in most areas within two months. Some Mende rebels in the centre of the country were not beaten until November, however; and Mende king Nyagua 's son Maghi, in alliance with some Kissi , continued to fight in the extreme east of the Protectorate until August Governor Fleming swears-in special constables to suppress it. Strike and riot. Railway and Public Works department strikes, in part "on account of the nonpayment of War Bonus gratuities to African workers, although these had been paid to other government employees, especially European personnel.
The Creole intelligentsia remain neutral. Moyamba riot. The union is renamed the Railway Workers' Union. Railway Workers' Union strikes January 13 to February Rioting erupts in Freetown. Creole intelligentsia supports the strikers. According to Wyse this is the first time workers and intelligentsia acted in harmony.
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The strike was viewed as a threat to stability by the government, and suppressed by troops and police. Kambia riot. Haidara Kontorfilli rebellion , named after its charismatic Muslim leader. Wyse gives the causes as "heavy handedness of chiefly rule and the deteriorating social and economic conditions, as well as the erosive nature of colonial rule. Pujehun riot.
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Kenema riot. Series of strikes and civil disobedience.
WAYL blamed. Army mutiny. January, led by Creole gunner Emmanuel Cole. Riot at Baoma Chiefdom of Bo District. One hundred people committed for trial before supreme court for their part in it. Strikers riot and burn the house of the African personnel officer. Cause was a rumour that the Paramount Chief of Luawa Chiefdom would be upheld and reinstated by the government.