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Longitudinal Invariance Analysis of the Short Grit Scale in Chinese Young Adults.

Hammad al Reqeb, a Hamas leader in Gaza, said in an emailed statement that the marches of return and breaking the Israeli blockade that has been imposed on the Gaza Strip for 12 years will go on powerfully and there will be no retreat. The Palestinian High Commission of the Marches of Return and Breaking the Siege announced on Thursday that the marches of return in eastern Gaza Strip will go on until it achieves its goals. The commission called in a press statement on the populations of the Hamas-ruled coastal enclave to gather in eastern Gaza Strip on Friday afternoon close to the border with Israel for more anti-Israel protests and demonstrations.

On Wednesday, Israeli war jets attacked 20 targets that belong to militant groups in the Gaza Strip in response to firing a rocket from the enclave into southern Israel, causing severe destruction to several Israeli houses.

Anti-Israel marches in eastern Gaza Strip to continue: Hamas official

In one of the airstrikes on northern Gaza Strip, one year-old Palestinian man was killed and three injured. Hamas and other minor militant groups said on Wednesday in a joint statement that they are not responsible for the rocket which was fired from Gaza and landed into southern Israel. Given that prior studies that examined the psychometric properties of the Grit-S preferred the two first-order factors structure to the high-order factor solution see Table 1 , the present study would like to examine the longitudinal properties of the Grit-S within the two lower order factors model.

Measurement invariance MI is vital because the interpretation of mean differences may be misguided and questionable unless there is the same latent construct in different subgroups Byrne and Watkins, ; Chen, That is, the establishment of MI is a prerequisite for meaningful comparisons across groups e.

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Previous studies Datu et al. For example, Zhong et al. Likewise, the partial strict invariance across gender and different levels has been supported using a German sample of university students Schmidt et al. In a mixed sample of Filipino high school and university students, only the configural invariance model was supported, while not existing evidence of measurement and structural invariance when comparing between two student groups i. While existing research has focused on the MI of the Grit-S across different groups e.

Similar to the MI across different groups, LMI tests the equality of a construct for an instrument, but its focus is on equality across time rather than across groups Dimitrov, ; Millsap and Cham, LMI is a desirable quality in a measurement because it indicates that the same construct can be tested across occasions i. Any inference about developmental changes over time may be misleading and inaccurate unless the premise of LMI is met Dimitrov, ; Millsap and Cham, As such, confirming the LMI is critical to be able to draw valid conclusions about growth and changes in latent constructs across time.

Although longitudinal studies that examine the relationship between grit and other covariates across diverse situations have been common in health and occupational psychology e.

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For this purpose, the confirmatory factor analysis was conducted to test whether the Grit-S scores have LMI. Specifically, we tested the configural, metric, scalar, and strict invariance over a 3-month interval. Given that traits such as grit describe tendencies to act, think, and feel that are relatively stable across time and situations Duckworth et al. The internal consistency values of the Grit-S scores were measured separately, first at the baseline and then at the follow-up.

Finally, the stability coefficients across time were computed, and the latent factor means from both times were compared. The subjects used in the current investigation were recruited from a normal university in Guiyang city, China. In this in-progress longitudinal research, we aimed to seek a more particular knowledge of the correlates and causes of heterogeneity in freshman adaptation to college and psychological health. The first survey was administered at the beginning of the second semester of freshman year in March , when first-year students were recruited to complete the Chinese version of the Grit-S Zhong et al.

Finally, a statistical power analysis indicated that a sample size of would be needed for power of 0. Moreover, G power 3. The study questionnaires were administered in a classroom setting when participants were attending their classes.

All participants provided written consent prior to completing the questionnaire, having been notified of the nature, goal, confidentiality, and anonymity of the study. All participants completed study questionnaires for extra course credit. The Chinese version of the Grit-S has been validated in adolescents Wang et al.

Next, following the previous longitudinal studies e. The proposed two first-order factors structure was seen as a baseline model. In this model, the eight items of the Grit-S assessed separately at Time 1 and Time 2 are loaded on the two factors i. Then, the LMI was tested across time using a set of four nested models by continuously setting the equality of the parameters of the measurement model over time. The configural invariance tests the hypothesis that the same general pattern of factor loadings holds across time Millsap and Cham, ; the metric invariance sets the corresponding factor loadings to be equal across occasions; the scalar invariance requires the corresponding factor loadings and intercepts across time to be set as equal; and the strict invariance sets the corresponding factor loadings, intercepts, and residual variances of items to be equal over time.

To evaluate the invariance at each level, a chi-square difference test was computed but not used due to the fact that the chi-square difference test is sensitive to minor parameter changes in large samples Chen, Next, the reliability assessment of the Grit-S was performed, including measuring the internal consistency and stability coefficient.

The Grit-S internal consistency was examined by looking at the two time points individually. According to Barker et al. We also inspected the MIC, which are independent of scale lengths and should be in the range of 0. The stability coefficients correlations between two-time point factors across time were also calculated by using the strict invariance model to assess the relative stability of the grit trait. Specifically, setting the factor variances to 1 and freely estimating the first factor loading for each factor made the purpose of calculating latent factor correlations.

Finally, on the basis of the LMI, the latent factor means across time were compared to explore the development of the grit trait. More specifically, the latent factor scores were calculated by setting the two grit factors mean to zero at Time 1 and freely estimating the latent factor mean at Time 2.

Moreover, the zero-order observed correlations between the subscales for the two assessments were 0. First of all, we assessed the fit of the model for each time point separately. The correlations within and between factors for the model are presented in Figure 1. Diagram for the longitudinal configural invariance model. Then, the factor loadings were set to be equal across time to test for metric invariance. These findings supported the metric invariance of the Grit-S across occasions.

Next, the scalar invariance was examined by placing restrictions on all item intercepts to be equal over time. Thus, the scalar invariance of the Grit-S scores also held over time. Finally, the item uniqueness was set to be equal to test for strict invariance over time.

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The strict invariance of the Grit-S scores was therefore supported across time. The standardized factor loadings for the longitudinal invariance model are shown in Table 4. Moreover, the stability coefficients the correlations between the two time point factors across time were computed using the strict invariance model.

The resulting estimated factor correlations between Time 1 and Time 2 were 0. Finally, the means of each latent factor at two separate time points could be made meaningfully comparison because the strict longitudinal invariance model was existed. Specifically, the latent means were not significantly different between Time 1 and Time 2 e.

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Overall, these results support the stability of the Grit-S scores. Although some controversies with the Grit-S remain, we would like to test the longitudinal properties of the Grit-S within the two-factor solution. These findings support that the Grit-S has strict longitudinal invariance, showing equality of factor patterns, factor loadings, item intercepts and item uniqueness for all items over a 3-month interval.

Moreover, the internal consistencies, stable coefficients, and latent factor means also provide the support for the stability of the Grit-S scores across time. In summary, our findings replicate and extend prior work e. Despite the fact that the psychometric properties of Grit-S scores have been supported in cross-sectional data Duckworth and Quinn, ; Schmidt et al. Similar to previous research which measured Grit-S invariance across gender and age groups Zhong et al. For instance, in longitudinal models, the input matrix becomes enormous due to numerous measurement occasions.

Item parceling is often conducted to deal with this issue, whereas the use of parcels as indicators may affect MI tests at an item parcel level Meade and Kroustalis, Therefore, achieving strict longitudinal invariance of the Grit-S at an item level in the present study supports the allowance of using item parcel sets in longitudinal models. Likewise, the Grit-S LMI is especially relevant for developmental and personality psychologists who are interested in grit. Given that, until now, few studies have formally and comprehensively examined the LMI of Grit-S scores, further study on this topic is needed to ascertain the viability of the current findings in various populations e.

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The internal consistency values over time also offered some meaningful information regarding the stability for Grit-S scores. Similar to cross-sectional investigations Duckworth and Quinn, ; Nishikawa et al.

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A key factor that has been singled out in most studies on dating violence concerns 1 1 Guizhou University of Finance and Economics, Guiyang, China. of attitudes toward dating violence among police cadets in a 4-year university in China. However, the effect of the field training on police cadets' attitudes toward to arrange police cadets' field training close to their graduation date, the third Jia Qu (Guizhou University of Finance and Economics, Guiyang, China) The difference is that police cadets in China are much more involved in the.

Overall, our findings demonstrate that Grit-S scores have satisfactory and acceptable internal consistency indices over different periods of time. In addition, the stability coefficients over time were computed with the LMI. More specifically, the stable coefficients that involved latent factor correlations between Time 1 and Time 2 were moderate r s ranging from 0.

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Comparable with manifest factor correlations Duckworth and Quinn, ; Li et al. Likewise, it is noteworthy that the test-retest reliability particularly for consistency of interest was not satisfactory in comparison to the rank-order consistencies found within other personality traits in young adulthood e. In sum, our findings preliminarily support some stability especially for PE but also point to rank-level changes in the grit scores across the 3 months.

Finally, considering that the LMI of the Grit-S is supported, further comparisons of the latent factor means make us obtain more meaningful information. In the sample used for this study, both two grit factors e. It has been suggested that personality traits such as grit describe tendencies to act, think, and feel that are relatively stable across time Duckworth et al.

Despite the fact that studies into longitudinal differences in grit are rare, our findings indicate the importance of considering both perseverance and passion for long-term goals within different contexts. Such acquisition provides a robust platform for the Group to consolidate its market leadership and financial results.

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